Current Status of Lipid Nutrition of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.
Keywords:
Shrimp nutrition, Litopenaeus vannamei, lipids, fatty acids, phospholipidsAbstract
In the Americas Litopenaeus vannamei is the leading farm-raised shrimp species. To
promote the expansion of this industry it is necessary to develop nutritionally complete
diets, therefore knowledge of the species’ nutritional requirements is essential, and so far,
incomplete. Early research on lipid nutrition was performed on closed thelycum species
like Marsupenaeus japonicus, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, F. indicus and Penaeus
monodon, while L. vannamei in contrast, is an open thelycum species. Because there are
differences in feeding habits among penaeids, even among developmental stages,
generalizations as to their nutritional requirements are most likely inaccurate. Some studies
have demonstrated that juvenile L. vannamei is able to satisfy its essential fatty acid
requirements with highly unsaturated fatty acids from either n-3 or n-6 families, which
showed higher nutritive value than polyunsaturated fatty acids. A significant interaction
between dietary PL and cholesterol on shrimp growth also has been observed. However,
research efforts are still needed to gain a better understanding of the metabolism of lipids in
shrimp, the interactions among themselves and with other nutrients, and to define
quantitative nutritional requirements for essential lipids throughout the life cycle of this
species.
Downloads
References
Akiyama, D. M., Dominy, W.G., Lawrence, A. L., 1992. Penaeid shrimp nutrition. In: Fast, A.W., Lester, L.J.
(Eds.), Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp.
-568.
Cahu, C. L., Guillaume, J. C., Stéphan, G., Chim, L., 1994. Influence of phospholipid and highly unsaturated
fatty acids on spawning rate and egg tissue composition in Penaeus vannamei fed semi-purified
diets. Aquaculture 126, 159-170.
Chandge, M. S., Paulraj, R., 1998. Requirements of linoleic and linolenic acid in the diet of Indian white
prawn Penaeus indicus (H Milne Edwards). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 27, 402-406.
Chen, H. Y., Tsai, R. H., 1986. The dietary effectiveness of Artemia nauplii and microencapsulated food for
postlarval Penaeus monodon. In: Chuang, J.L., Shiau, S.Y. (Eds.), Research and Development of
Aquatic Animal Feed in Taiwan, Vol. I. F.S.T. Monograph series No. 5, Fisheries Society of Taiwan,
Taipei, pp. 73-79.
Coutteau, P., Camara, M. R., Sorgeloos, P., 1996. The effect of different levels and sources of dietary
phosphatidylcholine on the growth, survival, stress resistance, and fatty acid composition of
postlarval Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 147, 261-273.
Coutteau, P., Geurden, I., Camara, M. R., Bergot, P., Sorgeloos, P., 1997. Review on the dietary effects of
phospholipid in fish and crustacean larviculture. Aquaculture 155, 149-164.
Coutteau, P., Kontara, E. K. M., Sorgeloos, P., 2000. Comparison of phosphatidylcholine purified from
soybean and marine fish roe in the diet of postlarval Penaeus vannamei Boone. Aquaculture 181,
-345.
D’Abramo, L. R., Bordner, C. E., Conklin, D. E., 1981. Essentiality of dietary phosphatidylcholine for the
survival of juvenile lobsters. Journal of Nutrition 111, 425-431.
Deshimaru, O., Yone, Y., 1978. Optimum level of dietary protein for prawn. Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries 44, 1395-1397.
Glencross, B. D., Smith, D. M., 1999. The dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids requirements of the prawn
Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture Nutrition 5, 53-63.
Gong, H., Lawrence, A. L., Gatlin, D. M. III, Jiang, D.-H., Zhang, F., 2001. Comparison of different types
and levels of commercial soybean lecithin supplemented in semipurified diets for juvenile
Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Aquaculture Nutrition 7, 11-17.
Gong, H., Lawrence, A. L., Jiang, D.-H., Gatlin, D. M. III., 2000a. Lipid nutrition of juvenile Litopenaeus
vannamei: I. Dietary cholesterol and de-oiled soy lecithin requirements and their interaction.
Aquaculture 190, 305-324.
Gong, H., Lawrence, A. L., Jiang, D.-H., Gatlin, D. M. III., 2000b. Lipid nutrition of juvenile Litopenaeus
vannamei: II. Active components of soybean lecithin. Aquaculture 190, 325-342.
González-Félix, M. L., Gatlin, D.M. III, Lawrence, A. L., Perez-Velazquez, M., 2002c. Nutritional evaluation
of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: II. Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6
polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids on juvenile shrimp growth, survival, and fatty acid
composition. Aquaculture Nutrition, in press.
González-Félix, M. L., Gatlin, D. M. III, Lawrence, A. L., Perez-Velazquez, M., 2002d. Effect of various
dietary lipid levels on quantitative essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile Pacific white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, in press.
González-Félix, M. L., Gatlin, D. M. III, Lawrence, A. L., Perez-Velazquez, M., 2002e. Effect of dietary
phospholipid on essential fatty acid requirements and tissue lipid composition of Litopenaeus
vannamei juveniles. Aquaculture 207, 151-167.
González-Félix, M. L., Lawrence, A. L., Gatlin, D. M. III, Perez-Velazquez, M., 2002a. Growth, survival and
fatty acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed different oils in the presence and
absence of phospholipids. Aquaculture 205, 325-343.
González-Félix, M. L., Lawrence, A. L., Gatlin, D. M. III, Perez-Velazquez, M., 2002b. Nutritional
evaluation of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Effect of dietary
linoleic and linolenic acids at different concentrations and ratios on juvenile shrimp growth, survival,
and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture Nutrition, in press.
Hertrampf, W. J., 1992. Feeding aquatic animals with phospholipids II. Fishes. Lucas Meyer Publication No.
Lucas Meyer GmbH & Co., Hamburg. 70 pp.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Endo, M., 1979d. Requirements of prawn, Penaeus japonicus for essential fatty
acids. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University 28, 27-33.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Ono, K., 1979a. Relationship between essential fatty acid requirements of aquatic
animals and the capacity for bioconversion of linolenic acid to highly unsaturated fatty acids.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 63B, 295-298.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Ono, K., Chalayondeja, K., 1979b. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetate in the
prawns, Penaeus monodon and Penaeus merguiensis. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries,
Kagoshima University 28, 21-26.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Sakamoto, M., 1985. Effects of dietary lipids, fatty acids, and phospholipids on
growth and survival of prawn (Penaeus japonicus) larvae. Aquaculture 50, 39-49.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Tokiwa, S., 1979e. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from palmitic acid in the prawn,
Penaeus japonicus. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University 28, 17-20.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Tokiwa, S., Ceccaldi, H. J., 1979c. Effects of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids
on growth of prawn. Oceanological Acta 2, 41-47.
Kayama, M., Hirata, M., Kanazawa, A., Tokiwa, S., Saito, M., 1980. Essential fatty acids in the diet of
prawn-III. Lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries 46, 483-488.
Kontara, E. K. M., Coutteau, P., Sorgeloos, P., 1997. Effect of dietary phohospholipid on requirements for
and incorporation of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in postlarval Penaeus japonicus Bate.
Aquaculture 158, 305-320.
Kontara, E. K. M., Djunaidah, I. S., Coutteau, P., Sorgeloos, P., 1998. Comparison of native, lyso and
hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine as souce for phospholipids in the diet of postlarval Penaeus
japonicus. Archives of Animal Nutrition 51, 1-19.
Koskela, R. W., Greenwoog, J. G., Rothlisberg, P. C., 1992. The influence of prostaglandin E2 and the steroid
hormones, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 17 beta-estradiol on moulting and ovarian
development in the tiger prawn, Penaeus esculentus, Hastwell, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 101A, 295-299.
Lee, R. F., Puppione, D. L., 1978. Serum lipoproteins in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 59B, 239-243.
Lim, C., Ako, H., Brown, C.L., Hahn, K., 1997. Growth response and fatty acid composition of juvenile
Penaeus vannamei fed different sources of dietary lipid. Aquaculture 151, 143-153.
Lochmann, R. T., Gatlin, D. M. III., 1993. Evaluation of different types and levels of triglycerides, singly and
in combination with different levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters in diets of
juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture 114, 113-130.
Mankura, M., Dalimunthe, D., Kayama, M., 1980. Comparative biochemical studies on plasma cholesterol-II.
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 46, 583-586.
Mead, J. F., Alfin-Slater, R. B., Howton, D. R., Popják, G., 1986. Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and
Nutrition. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 486 pp.
Merican, Z. O., Shim, K. F., 1997. Quantitative requirements of linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid for
juvenile Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 157, 277-295.
Read, G. H. L., 1981. The response of Penaeus indicus (Crustacea:Penaeidea) to purified and compounded
diets of varying fatty acid composition. Aquaculture 24, 245-256.
Rees, J. F., Curé, K., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., Sorgeloos, P., Menasveta, P., 1994. Highly unsaturated fatty acid
requirements of Penaeus monodon postlarvae: an experimental approach based on Artemia
enrichment. Aquaculture 122, 193-207.
Shewbart, K. L., Mies, W. L., 1973. Studies on nutritional requirements of brown shrimp-the effect of
linolenic acid on growth of Penaeus aztecus. Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society 4, 227-
Shieh, H. S., 1969. The biosynthesis of phospholipids in the lobster, Homarus americanus. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology 30, 179-184.
Smith, L. L., Lee, P. G., Lawrence, A. L., Strawn, K., 1985. Growth and digestibility of three sizes of
Penaeus vannamei Boone: The effect of dietary protein level and protein sources. Aquaculture 46,
-96.
Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T., 1977. Dietary levels of methyl laurate and essential fatty acid requirement of
rainbow trout. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 43, 893-898.
Teshima, S., 1997. Phospholipids and Sterols. In: D’Abramo, L.R., Conklin, D.E., Akiyama, D.M., (Eds.),
Crustacean Nutrition: Advances in World Aquaculture, Vol. 6. The World Aquaculture Society,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, pp. 85-107.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Kakuta, Y., 1986a. Effects of dietary phospholipids on lipid transport in the
juvenile prawn. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 52, 159-163.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Kakuta, Y., 1986b. Role of dietary phospholipids in the transport of [14C]
tripalmitin in the prawn. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 52, 519-524.
Wouters, R., Gómez, L., Lavens, P., Calderón, J., 1999a. Feeding enriched Artemia biomass to Penaeus
vannamei broodstock: its effect on reproductive performance and larval quality. Journal of Shellfish
Reseasrch 18 (2), 651-656.
Wouters, R., Molina, C., Lavens, P., Calderón, J., 1999b. Contenido de lípidos y vitaminas en reproductores
silvestres durante la maduración ovárica y en nauplios de Penaeus vannamei. Proceedings of the
Fifth Ecuadorian Aquaculture Conference, Guayaquil, Ecuador, Fundación CENAIM-ESPOL. CDRom.
Wouters, R., Piguave, X., Bastidas, L., Calderón, J., Sorgeloos, P., 2001. Ovarian maturation and
haemolymphatic vitellogenin concentration of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)
fed increasing levels of total dietary lipids and HUFA. Aquaculture Research 32, 573-582.
Xu, X., Wenjuan, J., Castell, J. D., O’Dor, R., 1993. The nutritional value of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
for the Chinese prawn (Penaeus chinensis). Aquaculture 118, 277-285.
Xu, X., Wenjuan, J., Castell, J. D., O’Dor, R., 1994. Essential fatty acid requirement of the Chinese prawn,
Penaeus chinensis. Aquaculture 127, 29-40.
Zeisel, S. H., 1993. Choline deficiency. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 1, 332-344.
