Las Bacterias en el Inicio de la Alimentación Exógena en Larvas de Camarones Peneidos: Efectos de la Calidad del Agua, Tasas de Ingestión y Rutas de Colonización del Tracto Digestivo
Resumen
En este estudio se presentan resultados de la sobrevivencia y desarrollo de Litopenaeus
vannamei desde Nauplio5 hasta Zoea2 provenientes de 5 tratamientos de calidad de agua
donde la comunidad bacteriana inicial fue manipulada: 1) agua de mar recientemente
filtrada a través de 1 μm; 2) agua de mar esterilizada con un autoclave; 3) agua de mar de
un sistema de recirculación sin carga orgánica; 4) agua de mar de un sistema de
recirculación con carga orgánica; y 5) agua de mar filtrada con una mezcla de un probiótico
comercial. Los resultados de este experimento mostraron que la manipulación de la
comunidad bacteriana del agua donde las larvas se alimentan por primera vez influye en su
sobrevivencia y capacidad para mudar a los estadios larvales posteriores. Utilizar agua
completamente estéril da resultados similares a aquellos donde se utilizó agua de mar con
sólidos suspendidos reducidos y con una comunidad bacteriana normal. El agua de un
sistema de recirculación sin carga orgánica es preferible a aquella con gran carga orgánica
(organismos vivos + alimento). Cepas de probióticos comerciales deben usarse con
precaución dado que potencialmente conllevan un incremento rápido de la concentración
total de amonio. Estos resultados confirman que la colonización inicial del intestino por
bacterias tiene un impacto directo sobre la sobrevivencia, crecimiento y desarrollo larvario.
Entonces se realizaron observaciones para evaluar la capacidad de las larvas para la
filtración e ingestión de bacterias, comparándola con las tasas de filtración de microalgas.
Una vez que la ingestión de bacterias quedó demostrada, se procedió a estudiar el tiempo de
la primera colonización del intestino y la ruta de entrada de las bacterias. Los resultados de
la observación de cortes histológicos, observación mediante microscopía electrónica de
barrido y las observaciones in vivo de bacterias vivas marcadas sugieren que la
colonización bacteriana comienza desde el estadio de Nauplio5, ya que estas larvas ya
presentan un poro anal y movimientos de antiperistálsis que les permiten la colonización
del tracto digestivo por parte de bacterias presentes en la columna de agua.
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