Proteínas y péptidos de residuos líquidos pesqueros: Obtención, bioactividad y uso en la alimentación acuícola
Palabras clave:
Efluentes pesqueros; Hidrólisis enzimática; Propiedades bioactivas; Recuperación proteica; Suplemento alimenticioResumen
La industria procesadora de productos pesqueros, derivado de sus actividades productivas, genera una importante cantidad de residuos líquidos, los cuales son comúnmente conocidos como efluentes pesqueros. Muchos de estos efluentes, son descargados al medio ambiente sin recibir algún tratamiento, generando un impacto negativo en los cuerpos de agua y zonas costeras donde son vertidos. Por otro lado, estudios han determinado que estos efluentes poseen concentraciones importantes de materia sólida, principalmente proteínas. Dicha proteína es de alta calidad considerando su perfil de aminoácidos, por lo cual es de interés emplear tecnologías para poder concentrarlas y recuperarlas. Una vez recuperada la fracción proteica de los efluentes pesqueros, a partir de esta se pueden obtener productos con alto valor agregado (p.ej. hidrolizados proteicos y péptidos bioactivos) aplicando tecnología enzimática. Las aplicaciones de estos nuevos productos en la industria alimentaria (humana o animal), pueden ser amplias y de importante valor económico. En esta revisión, se discutirá lo relacionado a alternativas de aprovechamiento de los efluentes generados en la industria pesquera, enfocándose en la recuperación y la utilización de fracciones proteicas. Se incluyen algunas técnicas empleadas para su obtención, mencionando sus ventajas y requerimientos; así como las propiedades tecno-funcionales y biológicas de las proteínas o sus hidrolizados proteicos obtenidos a partir de los efluentes pesqueros, y finalmente, se discutirá los usos y aplicaciones de efluentes pesqueros y sus hidrolizados como reemplazo de harina de pescado para la formulación de alimentos acuícolas, lo cual acarrea ventajas sobre el desempeño productivo y/o sobre distintos indicadores de la salud de los organismos.
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