Problemática del Uso de Bioensayos de Reto Virales para Evaluar la Eficacia de Productos con Actividad Antiviral Suministrados en los Alimentos y Otros Productos para Reducir el Impacto del Virus de la Mancha Blanca
Resumen
El virus del síndrome de mancha blanca (WSSV) es el patógeno más nocivo para la camaronicultura mundial. Las
enormes pérdidas que este virus ha causado a la industria camaronícola han promovido el desarrollo de productos y
métodos encaminados a reducir el impacto del patógeno. Varios compuestos derivados de paredes celulares de
microorganismos, extractos de algas y plantas han mostrado propiedades antivirales in vitro e in vivo. Estos
productos pueden ser incorporados en alimentos balanceados y administrados por vía oral a los animales. Varios
productos han sido evaluados en bioensayos de reto para determinar sus propiedades inmunoestimulantes, de
crecimiento y resistencia a enfermedades. Aunque muchos de estos resultados son alentadores, existen diversas
dificultades prácticas y técnicas que requieren ser considerados y estandarizados antes de realizar bioensayos de
eficacia. El presente trabajo propone consideraciones para evaluar adecuadamente la eficacia antiviral de productos.
Los problemas más importantes son la concentración real de las sustancias antivirales en los alimentos y la cantidad
que es efectivamente ingerida por los animales. Los problemas del reto viral son la falta de estandarización de los
bioensayos al usar dosis infecciosas no conocidas o desconocer el efecto de la ruta de inoculación sobre la
infectividad del inóculo. Se presentan ejemplos de estos aspectos y se mencionan contribuciones a la estandarización
de los bioensayos de reto. El uso de procedimientos estandarizados en los bioensayos de reto permitirá evaluar
eficazmente los productos y además harán posible comparar la eficacia antiviral entre dos ó más productos.
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