Uso de Betaina en Alimentos Acuícolas: Atractante, Osmoregulador o Metabolito Lipotrófico?
Resumen
La betaina o betaina-glicina, es un metabolito natural encontrado en muchos organismos vivos,
especialmente en aquellos que crecen en el ambiente marino. En este trabajo se discuten las
principales funciones y aplicaciones de la betaina en alimentos para acuicultura. La betaina,
electrolito bipolar que lleva tres grupos metilo, deriva de su estructura química sus principales
propiedades son como osmoprotector, atractante y donador de metilos. Si bien las propiedades
osmo-protectoras de la betaina han sido en su mayor parte estudiadas en salmonidos, con la
mayoría de las dietas comerciales de transferencia marina suplementadas con betaina para
salmón y trucha, hay indicadores de que la betaina tendría funciones similares en otras
especies de peces y crustáceos marinos. La estimulación alimenticia y propiedades atractantes
de la betaina han sido documentadas con un gran número de especies de peces y camarones
de importancia para la acuicultura, usualmente teniendo efectos sinérgicos cuando se mezcla
con otros atractantes. Por otra parte, y contrario a los animales terrestres donde las funciones
lipotrópicas y otras funciones relacionadas con la donación de metilos de la betaina han sido
mejor documentados, el campo de aplicación de betaina dietética en la acuicultura ha sido muy
poco estudiado. La única aplicación común de la betaina en esta actividad es usarla en
alimentos acuícolas comerciales para ahorrar en el uso del cloruro de colina, debido a su
mayor eficiencia como donador metilos, y para disminuir el impacto negativo sobre la
estabilidad de las vitaminas. Sin embargo, otras aplicaciones potenciales prometedoras tales
como ahorrar en el suplemennto de metionina, reducción en grasas del cuerpo o propiedades
de economía de energía, permanecen inexploradas.
Descargas
Citas
Carr W.E.S. 1978. Chemoreception in the shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio: the role of amino acids and betaine
elicitation of a feeding response by extracts. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61A, pp127-131.
Carr W.E.S., J.C. Netherton III, M.L. Milstead. 1984. Chemoattractants of the shrimp, Palaemonetes
pugio: variability in responsiveness and the stimulatory capacity of mixtures containing amino
acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, purines and other substances. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol., 77(3), pp469-474.
Carr W.E.S., J.C. Netherton III, R.A. Gleeson, C. Derby. 1996. Stimulants of feeding behaviour in fish:
analyses of tissues of diverse marine organisms. Biol. Bull., 190, pp149-160.
Casarin A., M. Forat, B.J. Zabaras-Krick. 1997. Interrelationships between betaine (Betafin-BCR) and
level of feed intake on the performance parameters and carcass characteristics of growingfinishing
pigs. J. Anim.Sci. 75 (Suppl.1), p75.
Charest R.P., M. Chenoweth, A. Dunn. 1998. Metabolism of trimethylamines in kelp bass (Palabrax
clathratus) and marine and freshwater pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J. Comp. Physiol.
B., 158, pp609-619.
Cho S.Y., J.K. Jeon, S.-Y. Chung, Y.-J. Cha, E.H. Lee. 1983. The taste compounds of yellowfin puffer,
Fugu xanthopterus (Temminck et Sclegel). Bull. Natl. Fish. Univ. Busan (Nat.Sci.)., 23(1), pp46-
Clarke W.C., E. Virtanen, J. Blackburn, D.A. Higgs. 1994. Effects of dietary betaine/amino acid additive
on growth and seawater adaptation in yearling Chinook salmon. Aquaculture 121, pp137-145.
Coman G.J., H.Z. Sarac, D.Fielder, M. Thorne. 1996. Evaluation of crystalline amino acids, betaine and
AMP, as food attractants of the giant Tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
A, pp247-253.
Cullin A.W.R. 1985. Vitamin stability, the influence of betaine and choline. Betafin seminar, Finnsugar
Bioproducts, Helsinki, Finland.
Dall W. D.M. Smith. 1981. Ionic regulation of four species of penaeid prawn. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 55,
pp219-232, 1981.
Dalla Via G.J. 1986a. Salinity responses of the juvenile Penaeid shrimp Penaeus japonicus. I. Oxygen
consumptions and estimations on productivity. Aquaculture, 55, pp297-306.
Dalla Via G.J. 1986b. Salinity responses of the juvenile Penaeid shrimp Penaeus japonicus. II. Free
amino acids. Aquaculture, 55, pp307-316.
Danielssen, D.S., K.E. Gulbrandsen. 1987. Growth rate of turbot and sole fed dry pellets. Aqua Culture
Europe 87 Int. Conf. & Exhib., Amsterdam, pp28-29.
Dragolovich and S.K. Pierce. 1992. Comparative time courses of inorganic and osmolyte accumulation
as horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) adapt to high salinity. Comp.Biochem. Physiol.
Vol.102A, No.1, pp 79-84.
Duston J. 1993. Effects of dietary betaine and sodium chloride on seawater adaptation in atlantic salmon
parr (Salmo salar L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol. 105A., No.4, pp673-677.
Ferraris R.P., F.D. Parado-Estepa, J.M. Ladja, E.G. De Jesus. 1986. Effect on salinity on the osmotic,
chloride, total protein and calcium concentrations in the hemolymph of prawn Penaeus monodon
(Fabricius). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 83A, pp701-708.
Finnsugar Bioproducts. 1996. The Finnstim briefing. 64p.
Finnsugar Bioproducts. 1996. The Betafin briefing. 92p.
Gabbay-Azaria R., E. Tel-Or, M.Schönfeld. 1988. Glycinebetaine as an osmoregulant and compatible
solute in the Marine Cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2649!),
pp333-339.
Garcia-Alcazar, E. Abellan, M.R.L. Dehesa, M. Arizcun, J. Delgado y A. Ortega. 1994. Experiencias de
alimentación en preengorde y engorde de dorada (Sparus aurata L.) y lubina (Dicentrarchus
labrax L.) con dietas de distinta relación proteína/grasa. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 10(2), pp191-
Goh Y., T. Tamura. 1980a. Olfactory responses to amino acids in two marine teleosts – red seab bream
and mullet. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 66C, pp217-224.
Goh Y., T. Tamura. 1980b. Effect of amino acids on the feeding behaviour in red sea bream. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., 66C, pp225-229.
Guérin M. 1998. Future role and perspectives of feed additives and biotechnologies in aquafeeds: helping
the industry move towards sustainable development. Aquaculture 98, Las Vegas, 18/02/98
Harpaz S. 1992. Chemoreception in fish and crustaceans and its effect on feeding behaviour and food
consumption. Bamidgeh, 44(4), pp 126-127.
Harpaz S., D.Kahan, R.Galun, I.Moore. 1987. Responses of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii, to chemical attractants. J.Chem.Ecol., 13(9), pp1957-1965.
Harpaz S. 1990. Analysis of betaine-induced feeding behavior in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii
(De Man, 1879)(Decapoda, Caridea). Crustaceana 58(2), pp175-185.
Hidaka I., T. Ohsugi, Y. Yamamoto. 1985. Gustatory response in the young yellow tail Seriola
quinqueradiata. Bull. Jap.Soc.Sci.Fish., 51(1), pp21-24.
Jeon J.-K., D.-S. Joo, C.-W. Park, H.-T. Huh, E.-Ho. Lee.1990. Bull. Korean Fish Soc., 23(4), 334-338.
Hayashi T., K. Yamaguchi, S. Konosu. 1978. Studies on flavor components in boiled crabs. 2.
Nucleotides and organic bases in the extracts. Bull. Jap.Soc.Sci.Fish., 44(12), pp1357-1362.
Hughes S.G. 1993. Single-feeding response of Chinook salmon fry to potential feed intake modifiers. The
Progr. Fish-Cult., 55, pp40-42.
Hughes S.G., G.L. Rumsey. 1991 Starter salmon diets. Feed management. 42(4), pp58-62.apr.
Kiyohara S. and I. Hidaka. 1991. Receptor sites for alanine, proline, and betaine in the palatal taste
system of the puffer, Fugu pardialis. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 169, pp 523-530.
Knights B. 1996. Studies of feeding stimulation in young eels, Anguilla anguilla L., before and after firstfeeding
using a novel rapid-screening method. Aquac. Res., 27, pp379-385.
Koskela J., J. Pirhonen, E. Virtanen, S.J. Kaushik J., P. Luquet. 1991. Effects of attractants on feed
choice of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. 4. Int. Symp. Fish Nutrition and Feeding. Biarritz
(France), june, pp 24-27.
Lee E.H., B.G. Chung, J.S. Kim, C.B. Ahn, K.S. Oh. 1989. Studies on the food components of triploid carp
muscle. 1. The taste compounds of triploid carp muscle. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc., 22(3), pp154-
Lynn W.H., E. Meyer, C.E. Peppiatt, C.D. Derby. 1994. Perception of odor mixtures by the spiny lobster
Panulirus argus. Chemical senses, 19(4), pp331-347.
Mackie A.M. , J.W. Adron and P.T. Grant. 1980. Chemical nature of feeding stimulants for the juvenile
Dover sole, Solea solea (L.). J. Fish Biol., 16, pp701-708.
Mackie A.M., A.I. Mitchell. 1982. Further studies on the chemical control of feeding behaviour in the Dover
sole (Solea vulgaris). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol. 73A, No. 1, pp89 to 93, 1982.
Mackie A.M., A.I. Mitchell. 1983. Studies on the chemical nature of feeding stimulants for the juvenile
European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.). J. Fish Biol. 22, pp425-430.
Margolis L. 1992. The effect of Finnstim on growth and seawater adaptation in yearling Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts. Intl.Salm.Smolt Workshop, 19-23 october, 1992.
Matthews J.O., L.L. Southern, T.D. Bidner. 1997. Interactive effects of betaine (Betafin-BCR), crude
protein, and net energy on growth, carcass, traits and serum metabolites of gilts. J.Anim. Sci. 75
(Suppl.1) p62, 1997.
Mearns K.J., O.F. Ellingsen, K.B. Doving, S.Helmer. 1987. Feeding behaviour in adult rainbow trout and
Atlantic salmon parr, elicited by chemical fractions and mixes of compounds identified in shrimp
extract. Aquaculture 64, pp47-63.
Metailler R., M. Cadena-Roa, J. Person-le Ruyet. 1983. Attractive substances for the weaning of Dover
sole (Solea vulgaris): qualitative and quantitative approach. J. World Maricul. Soc. 14, pp679-
Nansheng C. 1995. Chemoreception in the ingestion behavior of juvenile Penaeus chinensis Osbeck.
Mar.Sci./Haiyang Kexue, 1, pp35-39.
National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. NRC(U.S.), 113pp.
Ohsugi T., I. Hidaka, M. Ikeda. 1978 Taste receptor stimulation and feeding behaviour in the puffer, Fugu
pardialis. II. Effects produced by mixtures of constituents of clam extracts. Chemic. Senses and
Flavour. Vol.3, 4, pp355-368.
Peñaflorida, V.Dy., E. Virtanen. 1996. Growth, survival and feed conversion of juvenile shrimp (Penaeus
Monodon) fed a Betaine/Amino Acid additive. The Israel Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 48
(1), pp 3-9.
Pierce S.K., L.M. Rowland-Faux, B.N. Crombie. 1995. The mechanism of glycine betaine regulation in
response to hyperosmotic stress in Oyster Mitochondria: a comparative study of Atlantic and
Cheasapeake bay oysters. J.Exp.Zool., 271, pp161-170.
Polat A. G. Beklevik. 1998. The importance of betaine and some attractants as fish feed additives.
TECAM workshop on aquaculture feed manufacturing practice within the Mediterranean region.
march, 1998, Reus, Spain.
Prendergast A.F., D.A. Higgs, , D.M. Beames, Bakhshish S. Dosanjh and Greg Deacon. 1994.
Searching for substitutes: Canola. North. Aquaculture, may-june 1994, pp 15-19.
Putnam M. 1983. Feed compounding and vitamin stability. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society
of Feed Technologists, York, UK, 1983 (Roche information on Animal Nutrition Events).
Regional Aquaculture Bureau of Beijing City. 1995. Effect of betaine and betaine premix supplement in
carp feed. China Feed, 10, pp17-18.
Remus J. 1998. Betaine in non-ruminant diets. Submitted for publication.
Roa M.C., C. Huelvan, Y. Le Borgne and R. Metailler. 1982. Use of rehydratable extruded pellets and
attractive substances for the weaning of sole (Solea vulgaris). J.World Maricul. Soc., 13, pp246-
Ross B., L. Ross. 1986. Report on a trial carried out to assess the acceptability of a diet containing a
potential feeding stimulant produced by the Finnish Sugar corporation. Nutrition Group report
Number 86/BR/101. Unit of aquaculture Nutrition, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling.
pp.
Rudolp A., J. Crowe, L. Crowe. 1986. Effects of three stabilising agents – proline, betaine, and trehalose
on membrane phospholipids. Arch.Biochem.Biophys., 245, pp134-143.
Rumsey G. 1991. Choline-betaine requirements of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 95,
pp107-116.
Saglio P., J.-M. Blanc. 1983. Etude en olfactometre de la réponse comportementale aux L. acides aminés
chez le juvénile de carpe, Cyprinus carpio L. Biology of Behaviour, 8, pp359-370.
Santoro M.M., L.Y. Liu, S.M.A. Khan, L-X. Hou, D.W. Bolen. 1992. Increased thermal stability of proteins
in the presence of naturally occurring osmolytes. Biochem. 31(23), pp 5278-5283.
Takeda M., K. Takii, K. Matsui. 1984. Identification of feeding stimulants for juvenile eel. Bull.
Jap.Soc.Sci.Fish., 59(4), pp645-651.
Takaoka O., K. Takii, M. Nakamura, H. Kumai, M. Takeda. 1995. Identification of feeding stimulants for
Tiger Puffer. Fisheries Science, 61(5), pp833-836.
Teshima S.-I., A. Kanazawa, S. Koshio. 1993. Recent developments in nutrition and microparticulate
diets of larval prawns. Israeli J. Aquac. – Bamidgeh 45(4), pp175-184.
Valdez Martinez S.E. 1983. Simultaneous determination of choline and betaine in some fish materials.
Analyst, 108, pp1114-1119.
Virtanen E. and M. Muona. 1993. Effect of dimethylglycine (Betaine) on the response of atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar L.) smolts to experimental Vibrio anguillarum infection. Fish & Shellfish Immun., 3,
pp439-449.
Virtanen E. and R. Campbell. 1994. Reduzierung der Rückenspeckdicke durch Einsatz von Betain bei
Mastschweinen (Reduction of backfat thickness through betaine supplementation of diets for
fattening pigs). Handbuch der tierischen Veredlung. Verlag H. Kamlage, Osnabruek,
Deutschland., 19, pp145-150.
Virtanen E. and R. Campbell. 1995. Effects of betaine on methionine requirement of broilers under
various environmental conditions. Proc. Austr. Poult. Sci. Sym., 7, pp88-92.
Virtanen E. and G. Rumsey. 1996. Betaine supplementation can optimise use of methionine, choline in
diets. Feedstuffs., 68(42).
Virtanen E., M. Junnila and A. Soivio. 1989. Effects of food containing betaine/amino acid additive on the
osmotic adaptation of young Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture, 83 pp109-122.
Virtanen E., M. Junnila, K.-E. Slinning, and R. Hole. 1992. Betaine supplementation enhances the
seawater adaptation of salmon. Presented at the Cultivation of Atlantic Salmon Symposium. 16-
august 1992, Bergen, Norway.
Yancey P.H. 1992. Compatible and counteracting aspects of organic osmolytes in mammalian kidney cells
in vivo and in vitro. In: G.N. Somero, C.B. Osmond and Bolis, (C.L.): Water and life, pp33-51,
Berlin/Heidelberg.
Zeng C. and I. Hidaka. 1990. Single fiber responses in the palatine taste nerve of the yellow tail Seriola
quinqueradiata . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 56(10), 1611-1618.