Criterios de Calidad de Huevos y sus Implicaciones en el Cultivo de Peces Marinos
Palabras clave:
Calidad de huevos, indicadores de calidad, desarrollo temprano, metabolismo energético, primera alimentación.Resumen
El éxito del cultivo de peces marinos, recae en una producción constante de juveniles, lo cual permitirá reducir la dependencia de semilla silvestre, ya que la disponibilidad de ésta última es inconsistente y esta tendencia se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Para lograrlo, es necesaria la obtención de huevos en cantidades suficientes y de buena calidad que permitan la continuidad del programa de cultivo, ya sea como una alternativa económica sustentable, o como ámbito de investigación. Sin embargo, solo en algunos casos ha sido posible contar con una estable producción de juveniles a partir de desoves de reproductores silvestres o mantenidos en cautiverio.
Parte de ello se ha atribuido a las fluctuaciones en la calidad de los huevos que se obtienen durante la reproducción en cautiverio. La calidad del huevo se ha definido como la capacidad de un óptimo desarrollo embrionario y supervivencia de las larvas a la primera alimentación. Se han identificado una serie de parámetros que influyen directa ó indirectamente en la calidad de los huevos, que van desde el mecanismo de inducción al desove (manipulación foto-térmica o inyección hormonal), la calidad nutricional del alimento de los reproductores, las condiciones de incubación de los huevos o el estado fisiológico de los reproductores.
Históricamente, la tasa de eclosión y la supervivencia a la primera alimentación han sido los caracteres principales para evaluar la calidad de los desoves. Sin embargo, dichos parámetros no brindan información sobre los factores que puedan explicar ó mejorar la calidad de los huevos.
De esta forma, se ha reportado el uso de diferentes caracteres como criterios evaluadores ó indicadores de la calidad de los desoves de reproductores tanto silvestres como en cautiverio, con la finalidad de generar una estrategia que permita tomar decisiones precisas y confiables con respecto al desove que se ha obtenido.
El espectro de caracteres que se han utilizado para evaluar o predecir la calidad de los huevos es tan amplio, que abarca desde el porcentaje de fecundación ó el de flotabilidad de los huevos, hasta las “aberraciones” mitóticas en embriones, pasando por la actividad de enzimas metabólicas en embriones, el índice de actividad de larvas y la concentración de reservas alimenticias y energéticas (i.e. amino ácidos libres y ácidos grasos). A pesar de esta gama, la utilidad y confiabilidad de cada uno de estos criterios parece variar en forma inter-específica, lo que ha provocado que no exista un indicador “ideal” para evaluar la calidad de los desoves de peces. En el presente trabajo se exponen ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes criterios que han sido utilizados para evaluar la calidad de huevos de peces, ya sea con fines predictivos ó para mejorarla, y se sugieren aquellos que pudieran emplearse de manera rutinaria bajo un esquema productivo o científico, lo cual podría verse reflejado en una disminución de los costos durante el cultivo de peces marinos.
Descargas
Citas
Agulleiro, M.J., Anguis, V., Cañavate, J.P., Martínez-Rodríguez, G., Mylonas, C.C., Cerda, J. 2006. Induction of spawning of captive-reared Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) using different administration methods for gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Aquaculture 257, 511-524.
Aristizabal, E., Suárez, J., Vega, A., Bargas, R. 2009. Egg and larval quality assessment in the Argentinian red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Aquaculture 187, 329-334.
Avery, T.S., Boyce, D., Brown, J.A. 2004. Mortality of yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea (Storer), eggs: Effects of temperature and hormone-induced ovulation. Aquaculture 230, 297-311.
Avery, T.S., Brown, J.A. 2005. Investigating the relationship among abnormal àtterns of cell cleavage, egg mortality and early larval condition in Limanda ferruginea. J. Fish Biol. 67, 890-896.
Avery, T.S., Killen, S.S., Hollinger, T.R. 2009. The relationship of embryonic development, mortality, hatching success, and larval quality to normal or abnormal early embryonic cleavage in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Aquaculture 289. 265-273.
Bak, L.K., Johansen, M.L., Schousboe, A., Waagepetersen, H.S. 2012. Valine but not leucine or isoleucine supports neurotransmitter glutamate synthesis during synaptic activity in cultured cerebellar neutrons. J. of Neurosci. Res. 90, 1768-1775.
Bell, M.V., Henderson, R.J., Sargent, J.R. 1986. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83B, 711-719.
Boulekbache, H. 1981. Energy metabolism in fish development. Amer. Zool. 21 : 377- 389.
Bourque, B.D., Phelps, R.P. 2007. Induced spawning and egg quality evaluation of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus. J. World. Aqucult. Soc. 38, 208-217.
Brandsen, M.P., Battaglene, S.C., Goldsmid, R.M., Dunstan, G.A., Nichols, P.D. 2007. Broodstock condition, egg morphology and lipid content and composition during the spawning season of captive striped trumpeter, Latris lineata. Aquaculture 268, 2-12.
Bromage, N. & R. J. Roberts. 1995. Broodstock management and seed quality – General considerations. 1-25 pp. In: N. Bromage, R. J. Roberts (eds.). Broodstock Management and Egg Larval Quality. Blackwell Science. Great Bretain.
Bromage, N., Bruce, M., Basavaraja, N., Rana, K., Shields, R., Young, C., Dye, J., Smith, P., Gillespie, M., Gamble, J., 1994. Egg quality determinants in finfish: the role of overripening with special reference of the timing of stripping in the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 25, 13-21.
Bromley, P.J., Sykes, P.A., Howell, B.R. 1986. Egg production of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) spawning in tank conditions. Aquaculture 53, 287-293.
Brooks, S., Tyler, C.R., Sumpter, J.P. 1997. Egg quality in fish: what makes a good egg?. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 7, 387-416.
Ibarra-Castro, L., Álvarez-Lajonchere, L. 2011. GnRHa-induced multiple spawns and volition spawning of captive spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus, at Mazatlan, Mexico.J. World Aquacult. Soc. 42, 564-574.
Ibarra-Castro, L., Duncan, N. 2007. GnRHa-indecued spawning of wild-caught spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus. Aquaculture 272, 737-746.
Izquierdo, M.S., Fernández-Palacios, H., Tacon, A.G.J. 2001. Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture 197, 25-42.
Kamler, E. 2005. Parent-egg-progeny relationships in teleost fishes: an energetic perspective. Reviews in Fish Biol. Fish. 15, 399-421.
Kamler, E. 2008. Resource allocation in yolk-feeding fish. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. 18:143–200.
Kjorsvik, E. 1994. Egg quality in wild and broodstock cod Gadus morhua L. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 25, 22-29.
Kjorsvik, E., Stene, A., Lonning, S. 1984. Morphological, physiological and genetical studies of egg quality in cod (Gadus morhua L.). In: Dahl, E., Danielssen, D.S., Moksness, E., Solemdal, P. (Eds.). The propagation of cod Gadus morhua L. Flodevigen rapportser. 1, 1984. 67-86.
Kjorsvik, E., Hoehne-Reitan, K., Reitan, K.I. 2003. Egg and larval quality criteria as predictive measures for juvenile production in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) Aquaculture 227, 9-20.
Kjorsvik, E., Mangor.Jensen, A., Homefjord, I. 1990. Egg quality in marine fishes. Adv. Mar. Biol. 26, 71-113.
Lahnsteiner, F. 2006. Carbohydrate metabolism of vitellogenic follicles and eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae). Fish Physiol Biochem. 32: 131-139.
Lahnsteiner, F., Giménez, G., Estévez, A. 2008. Egg quality determination base don the shape of lipid vesicle in common dentex, Dentex dentex. Aquaculture Research 39, 144-149.
Lahnsteiner, F., Patarnello, P. 2003. Investigations on the metabolism of viable and nonviable gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) eggs. Aquaculture 223, 159-174.
Lahnsteiner, F., Patarnello, P. 2004a. Biochemical egg quality determination in the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata: reproductibility of the method and its application for shapsnout sea bream, Puntazzo puntazzo. Aquaculture 237, 433-442.
Lahnsteiner, F., Patarnello, P. 2004b. Egf quality determination in the githead seabream Sparus aurata, with biochemical parameters. Aquaculture 237, 443-459
Lahnsteiner, F., Patarnello, P. 2005. The shape of the lipid vesicle is a potential marker for egg quality determination in the githead seabream, Sparus aurata, and in the sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo. Aquaculture 246, 423-435.
Lavens, P., Leregue, E., Jaunet, H., Brunel, A., Dhert, Ph., Sorgeloos, P. 1999. Effect of dietary essential fatty acids and vitamins on egg quality in turbot broodstocks. Aquacult. Int. 7, 225-240.
Lund, I., Steenfeldt, S.J., Suhr, K.I., Hansen, B.W. 2008. A comparison of fatty acid composition and quality aspects of eggs and larvae from cultured and wild broodstock of sommon sole (Solea solea L.). Aquacult. Nutr. 14, 554-555.
Mangor-Jensen, A., Holm, J.C., Rosenlund, G., Lie, O., Dandnes, K. 1994. Effects of dietary vitamin C on maturation and egg quality of cod Gadus morhua. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 25, 30-40.
Manning, A.J., Crim, L.W. 1998. Maternal and interannual comparison of the ovulatory periodicity, egg production and egg quality of the batch spawning yellowtail flounder. Journal of Fish Biology. 53, 954-972.
Mansour, N., Lahnsteiner, F., Patzner, R.A. 2007. Distribution of lipid droplets is an indicator of egg quality in brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. Aquaculture 273, 744-747.
Mazorra, C., Bruce, M., Bell, J.G., Davie, A., Alorend, E., Jordan, N., Rees, J., Papanikos, N., Porter, M., Bromage, N. 2003. Dietary lipid enhancement of broodstock reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture 227, 21-33.
McEvoy, L.A. 1984. Ovulatory rhythms and over-ripening of eggs in cultivated turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. J. Fish Biol. 24, 437-448.
Moguel-Hernández, I. 2010. Caracterización bioquímica y fisiológica de embriones y larvas vitelinas del huachinango del Pacífico Lutjanus peru: implicaciones en la calidad de los desoves. Tesis de Maestría. CICIMAR-IPN. México. 95 pp.
Moguel-Hernández, I., Peña, R., Nolasco-Soria, H., Dumas, S., Hinojosa-Baltazar, P. 2015. Egg quality criteria in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru). Aquacult. Res. 46, 909-917.
Mommens, M., Lanes, C.F.C, Babiak, I. 2015. Egg yolk nutritional constituents as indicators of egg quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). aquaculture Research 46, 291-301.
Mylonas, C.C., Magnus, Y., Gissis, A., Klebanov, Y., Zohar, Y. 1996. Application of controlled-release, GnRHa-delivery systems in commercial production of white bass x striped bass hybrids (sunshine bass), using captive brood stocks. Aquaculture 140, 265-280.
Mylonas, C.C., Fostier, A., Zanuy, S. 2010. Broodstock management and hormonal manipulation of fish reproduction. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 165 (3), 516-534.
Navas, J.M., Trush, M., Ramos, J., Bruce, M., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S., Bromage, N. 1996. The effect of seasonal alteration in the lipid composition of broodstock diets on egg quality in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Proc. V Int. Symp. Rep. Physiol. Fish. Austin, TX, 2-8 July 1995, pp. 108-110.
Nocillado, J.N., Peñaflorida, V.D., Borlongan, I.G. 2000. Measures of egg quality in induced spawns of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer Bloch. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 22, 1-9.
Nguyen, H.Q., Reinertsen, H., Rustad, T., Tran, T.M., Kjorsvik, E. 2012. Evaluaction of egg quality in broodstock cobia Rachycentron canadum L. Aquaculture Research 43, 371-385.
Papanikos, N. 2004. Egg quality of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus, significance of spawning method and brood fish nutrition. PhD Thesis. Auburn University. USA. 183 pp.
Pickova, J., Dutta, P.C., Larsso, P.O., Kiessling, A. 1997. Early embryonic cleavage pattern, hatching success and egg-lipid fatty acid composition: comparison between two cod stocks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 2410-2416.
Platell, C., Kong, S.E., McCauley, R., Hall, J.C. 2000. Branched-chain amino acids. J. Gastro. Hepat. 15, 706-717.
Rangel-Durán, M.R. 2014. Desempeño reproductivo y calidad de los desoves del pargo lunarejo, Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869) en cautiverio. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. México. Master’s Thesis. 62 pp.
Rani, M.S. 2005. Prediction of larval viability based on eggs quality parameters and early cleavage patterns in the experiments of triploidy induction in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. Tromso, Norway, 64 pp.
Rideout, R.M., Trippel, E.A., Litvak, M.K. 2004. Predicting haddock embryo viability base don early cleavage patterns. Aquaculture 230, 215-228.
Rime, H., Guitton, N., Pineau, C., Bonnet, E., Bobe, J., Jalabert, B. 2004. Post-ovulatory ageing and egg quality: a proteomic analysis of rainbow trout coelomic fluid. Repr. Biol. Endoc. 2, 2-26.
Rodríguez, C., Cejas, J.R., Martín, M.V., Badia, P., Samper, M., Lorenzo, A. 1998. Influence on n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid deficiency on the lipid composition of brood stock gilt head sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and on egg quality. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 18, 177-187.
Ronnestad, I., Fyhn, H.J. 1993. Metabolic aspoects of free amino acids in developing marine fish eggs and larvae. Rev. Fish. Sic. 1, 239-259.
Rosales-Velázquez, M.O. 1997. Efecto de la alimentación sobre los desoves de la cabrilla arenera Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Teleostei: Serranidae) mantenida en cautiverio. Tesis de maestría. CICIMAR-IPN. México. 83 pp.
Sakai, K., Nomura, M., Takashima, F. 1985. Characteristics of naturally spawned eggs of red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51, 1395-1399.
Salze, G., Tocher, D.R., Roy, W.J., Robertson, D.A. 2005. Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): eggs performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock. Aquaculture Research 36: 1488-1499.
Sarasquete, M. C., A. Polo, E. Pascual & M. Yúfera. 1993. Histochemistry of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in the yolk of oocytes, eggs and larvae of seabream (Sparus aurata). In: B. T. Walther & H. J. Fyhn (ed). Physiological and biochemical aspects of fish development. Norway. University of Bergen. 309- 314.
Sargent, J.R. 1995. Origins and functions of egg lipids: nutritional implications. In: Bromage, N., Roberts, R.J. (Eds.). Broodstock management and egg and larval quality. Black Science, Cambridge, UK, pp. 353-372.
Seoka, M., Takii, K., Takaoka, O., Nakamura, M., Kumai, H. 1997. Biochemical phases in embryonic red sea bream development. Fish. Sci 63, 122-127.
Shields, R.J., Brown, N.P., Bromage, N.R. 1997.Blatomere morphology as a predictive measure of fish egg viability. Aquaculture 155, 1-12.
Shields, R.J., Davenport, J., Young, C., Smith, P.L. 1993. Oocyte maturation and ovulation in the Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), examined using ultrasonography. Aquacult. Res. 24, 181-186.
Sire, M.F., Babin, P.J., Vernier, M.J. 1994. Involvement of the lysosomal system in yolk protein deposit and degradation during vitellogenesis and embryonic development in trout. J. Exp. Cool. 269, 69-83.
Sveinsdóttir, H., H. Thorarensen & A. Gudmundsdóttir. 2006. Involvement of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryogenesis. Aquaculture. 260: 307-314.
Tocher, D. 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Rev. Fish. Sci. 11, 107-184
Vallin, L., Nissling, A., 1998. Cell morphology as an indicator of viability of cod eggs-results from an experimental study. Fish. Res. 38, 247-255.
Watanabe, T. 1985. Importance of the study of brood stock nutrition for further development of aquaculture. In: Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. Cowey, C.B., Mackie, A.M., Bell, S.G. (Eds). Academic Press. London, pp. 395-414
Watanabe, T., Kiron, V. 1995. Red sea bream (Pagrus major). In: Bromage, N., Roberts, R.J. (Eds.). Broodstock management and egg and larval quality. Black Science, Cambridge, UK, pp. 398-413.
Watanabe, T., Koizumi, T., Suzuki, H., Satoh, S., Takeuchi, T., Yoshida, N., Kitada, T., Tsukashima, Y. 1985. Improvement of quality of red sea bream eggs by feeding broodstock on a diet containing cuttlefish meal or on raw krill shortly before spawning. Bull Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51, 1511-1521.
