Use of Corn Protein Products in Practical Diets for the Pacific White Shrimp
Keywords:
Pacific white shrimp, Corn protein concentrate, Production pondAbstract
Corn protein products are commonly used to balance the amino acid profile of practical diets especially those with low levels of methionine. Yet, there is little information regarding the efficacy of their use. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production response of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets with increasing percentages of corn protein products. Three standard indoor tank trials and a pond production trial were conducted. In trial 1, three diets were formulated to contain corn gluten meal (CGM) (8%) and increasing levels (6.5 and 13.0%) of corn protein concentrate (CPC). Five diets were evaluated in Trial 2, with diets 1 to 4 using increasing levels (0, 4, 8 and 16%) of CPC replacing soybean meal, while diet 5 contained a CPC with a better AA profile specifically higher levels of lysine, designated CPCL. The production diets contained increasing percentages (0, 4, 8, and 12%) of CPC as a replacement for fish meal. The diets were commercially produced and evaluated in 0.1 ha production ponds using four replicates per diet. Nursed juvenile shrimps (0.023 g initial weight) were stocked at 38 shrimp m-2 and were cultured under standardized pond production conditions for 16 weeks. At the conclusions; net yield (5007-5440 kg/ha), final mean weight (17.2-20.5 g), survival (64.9-83.6 %), and FCR (1.27-1.38) were evaluated with no significant differences between dietary treatments. The results from this study demonstrated that corn protein concentrate inclusion up to 12% CPC in diet can be used in commercial feed formulations for L. vannamei without causing negative effect on growth, feed conversion, survival and net yield.Downloads
References
Akiyama, D. M., W. G. Dominy, and A. L. Lawrence, 1991. Penaeid shrimp nutrition for the commercial feed industry - revised. Pages 80-90 in Akiyama,D. M. and R. K. H. Tan, Editors. Proceedings of the Aquaculture Feed Processing and Nutrition Workshop. Thailand and Indonesia, Sept. 19-25. American Soybean Association, Singapore.
Amaya, E. A., D. A. Davis, and D. B. Rouse, 2007a. Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions. Aquaculture 262: 393-401.
Amaya, E. A., D. A. Davis, and D. B. Rouse, 2007b. Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 262: 419-425.
Cruz-Suarez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Tapia-Salazar M, McCallum IM, Hickling D. 2001. Assessment of differently processed feed pea (Pisum sativum) meals and canola meal (Brassica sp.) in diets for blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris). Aquaculture 196:87–104
Fox, J. M., A. L. Lawrence, and E. Li-chan, 1995. Dietary requirenment for lysine by juvenile Penaeus vannamei using intact and free amino acid sources. Aquaculture 131: 279-290.
Garza de Yta, A., Rouse, D.B., Davis, D.A., 2004. Influence of nursery period on the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 35, 357–365.
Hardy, R. W., 1996 Alternate protein source for salmon and trout diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 59, 71-80.
Hertrampf, J. W., and F. Piedad-Pascual, 2000. Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Kaushik, S. J., J., Arzel, and C. Regost, 1999. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by corn gluten meal in diet for turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 180: 99-117.
Kikuchi, K., 1999. Partial replacement of fish meal with corn gluten meal in diets for Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society 30 (3): 357-363.
Lim, C. and W. Dominy, 1990. Evaluation of soybean meal as a replacement for marine animal protein in diets for shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 87: 53-63
Lim, C., and W. Dominy, 1992. Substitution of full-fat soybeans for commercial soybean meal in diets for shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 1: 35-46.
Ma, T., and G. Zuazaga. 1942. Micro-Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen. A new indicator and an improved rapid method. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition 14: 280-282.
Morales, A. E., G. Cardenete, M. D. Higuera, and A. Sanz, 1994. Effect of dietary protein source on growth, feed conversion and energy utilization in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 124: 117-126.
Millamena, O. M., M. N. Bautista, and A. Kanazawa, 1996. Methionine requirement of juvenile tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture 143: 403-410.
Oliva-Teles, A. and T. G. Pereira, 2003. Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Aquaculture Research 34 (13): 1111-1117.
Palma, J., D. P. Bureau, A. Lemmme, M. Correia, and J. P. Andrade, 2009. Quantitative dietary requirenment of juvenile Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemonetes varians (Leach) for lysine, methionine and arginine. Unpublished. (Abstract ISFNF 2006)
Piedad-Pascual, F., E.M. Cruz, A. Sumalangcay Jr., 1990. Supplemental feeding of Penaeus monodon juveniles with diets containing various levels of defatted soybean meal. Aquaculture 89, 183–191.
Ponce-Palafox, J., C.A. Martinez-Palacios, L.G. Ross, 1997. The effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture 157, 107–115.
Ray, A. J., B. L. Lewis, C. L. Browdy, and J. W. Leffler, 2009. Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems. Aquaculture 299: 89-98.
Richard, L., P. P. Blanc, V. Rigolet, S. J. Kaushik, and I. Geurden, 2010. Maintenance and growth requirements for nitrogen, lysine and methionine and their utilization efficiencies in juvenile black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using a factorial approach. Brithish Journal of Nutrition 103: 984-995.
Samocha, T.M., D.A. Davis, I.P. Saoud, K. DeBault, 2004. Substitution of fish meal by co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 231, 197–203.
Shiau SY 1998 Nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimps 1. Aquaculture 164:77–93
Shimeno, S., T. Masumoto, T. Hujita, T. Mima, and S. Ueno, 1993. Alternative protein sources for fish meal in diets of young yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 59: 137-143.
Smith, D. M., G. L. Allan, K. C. Williams, and C. G. Barlow, 2001. Fishmeal replacement research for shrimp feed in Australia. In: Cruz-Suárez, L. E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A. y Civera-Cerecedo, R. (Ed.), Avances en Nutrición Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola. 19-22 Noviembre, 2000. Mérida, Yucatán, México.
Sookying, D. and D. A. Davis. 2011. Pond production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed high levels of soybean meal in various combinations. Aquaculture. 319: 141-149.
Sookying, D., F. S. D. Silva, D. A. Davis, and T. Hanson. 2011. Effects of Stocking Density on the Performance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Cultured under Pond and Outdoor Tank Conditions Using a High Soybean Meal Diet. Aquaculture. 319: 231-239.
Sookying, D., D. A. Davis and F. S. D. Silva. 2013. A review of the development and application of soybean based diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition. 19:441-448.
Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrics Approach. McGraw–Hill, New York, NY, USA.Sudaryono A, M.J. Hoxey, S.G. Kailis, L.H. Evans, 1995. Investigation
of alternative protein sources in practical diets for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 134:313–323
Teshima, S., M. S. Alam, S. koshio, M. Ishikawa, and A. Kanazawa, 2002. Assessment of requirement values for essential amino acids in the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicas (Bate). Aquaculture Research 33: 395-402.
Williams A.S., D.A. Davis, C.R. Arnold, 1996. Density- dependent growth and survival of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei in semi-closed recirculating system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 107-112.
Wu, Y. V., R. R. Rosati, D. J. Sessa, and P. B. Brown, 1995. Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein source in tilapia diets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43: 1585-1588.
Zhu X., D.A. Davis, T.M. Samocha, J.P. Lazo, and L.A. Roy, 2013. Response of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to three sources of solvent extracted soybean meal. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 44 (3):396-404.
