Avances en la Fisiología Digestiva y Nutrición de la Mojarra Tenguayaca Petenia splendida
Palabras clave:
Nutrición, Tenguayaca, Petenia splendida, Enzimas digestivasResumen
La mojarra tenguayaca Petenia splendida es uno de los cíclidos nativos más apreciados en la región sureste de
México, por lo que desde hace varios años, se han realizado varias investigaciones que han permitido cerrar el ciclo
de vida de la especie e iniciar su cultivo a escala experimental. Sin embargo, durante el cultivo se ha utilizado
ampliamente el alimento desarrollado para las truchas, por lo cual el crecimiento es lento provocando que hasta la
fecha el cultivo a escala comercial no sea rentable. En este sentido, los estudios relacionados con la determinación de
los requerimientos nutricionales y la evaluación de la capacidad digestiva en los periodos de vida de la especie son
de vital importancia para lograr el diseño de alimentos específicos que permitan optimizar el cultivo. Es así que
desde hace varios años, se iniciaron los estudios en relación al desarrollo de una línea de alimentos específicos que
permitan fomentar el cultivo de esta especie en la región sureste de México. El presente trabajo se enfoca en los
estudios realizados por la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco en colaboración con varias instituciones donde
se ha investigado la fisiolología digestiva durante la ontogenia inicial aplicando técnicas histológicas, bioquímicas y
moleculares. Nuestros resultados muestran que esta especie tiene un patrón de desarrollo similar al de otros cíclidos
con un desarrollo precoz del sistema digestivo y la aparición temprana de las enzimas digestivas. La caracterización
de las proteasas digestivas permitió determinar que esta especie presenta hábitos alimenticios carnívoros; al
estudiarse diferentes ingredientes proteínicos por medio de la técnica de pH-STAT, se logró determinar que los
mejores ingredientes para la alimentación de los juveniles fueron la harina de pescado, harina de jaiba, harina de
cerdo, entre otras. Esto se corroboró ya que el requerimiento de proteínas es de 45.1 %, mientras que el
requerimiento de lípidos es de 15%. Por su parte, la sustitución de harina de pescado con gluten de trigo es posible
hasta en un 25%, aunque es necesario estudiar otros ingredientes que permitan no depender del uso de harina y aceite
de pescado para la alimentación de P. splendida.
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