Avances en la fisiología digestiva del robalo blanco (Centropomus undecimalis) en Tabasco, México

Autores/as

  • Carlos Alfonso Alvarez-González Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT
  • Gabriela Gaxiola-Cortés UNAM
  • Luis Daniel Jiménez-Martínez Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT
  • Adolofo Sanchez-Zamora UNAM
  • Leticia Arena-Ortiz UNAM
  • Talhía Martínez-Bruguete Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT
  • Dariel Tovar-Ramírez Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste
  • Bartolo Concha-Frías Universidad Católica del Norte
  • Gabriel Márquez-Couturier Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT
  • Natalia Perales-García Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT
  • Gloria Gertrudys Asencio-Alcudia Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT
  • Fidel Jesús-Ramírez Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL-UJAT

Palabras clave:

Enzimas digestivas, Digestibilidad in vitro, Expresión génica

Resumen

El robalo blanco (Centropomus undecimalis, Bloch) es un pez marino de alto valor comercial en el Sureste de México, por lo cual ha sido sobreexplotado mermando sus poblaciones. De esta manera, se han iniciado los estudios para desarrollar su cultivo, donde el entendimiento de la fisiología digestiva permitirá implementar alimentos artificiales que logren mejorar el crecimiento y supervivencia durante su cultivo. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la capacidad digestiva de C. undecimalis utilizando técnicas bioquímicas y moleculares. Se tomaron muestras de larvas y juveniles de C. undecimalis para realizar diversos estudios sobre los cambios de las enzimas digestivas (proteasas, lipasas, amilasas y fosfatasas) y su expresión molecular (tripsina, lipasa y ubiquitina), la caracterización de proteasas por medio de técnicas bioquímicas y electroforéticas, así como la digestibilidad in vitro de ingredientes y alimentos artificiales usando el método de pH STAT. El pH óptimo de proteasas ácidas se encuentra en 2 con alta estabilidad entre 2 y 8, mientras que la temperatura óptima es de 75ºC con altas estabilidades de 25 a 55ºC, la cual fue inhibida en 86% con pepstatín A. Para las proteasas alcalinas el óptimo de pH y temperatura fueron de 7 a 11 y 65ºC respectivamente, mostrando una elevada resistencia a los cambios de pH y temperatura (4-10 y 35-65ºC respectivamente). Estas proteasas se inhibieron con PMSF (60%), ovoalbúmina (59%), SBT1 (41%), TLCK (68%), y TPCK (17%), indicando la presencia de serina proteasas, mientras que las metalo proteasas se inhibieron en 40% con EDTA y 85% con 1-10 fenantrolina. El grado de hidrólisis de ingredientes proteínicos mostró que la harina de jaiba, sardina, puerco y sangre de res tienen altos valores para las fases ácidas y alcalinas, además que la liberación de aminoácidos fue mayor con la harina de sardina para la fase ácida y del hidrolizado de pescado para la fase alcalina. Durante la ontogenia inicial, la tripsina, quimotripsina, L-aminopeptidasa, carboxypeptidasa A, lipasa, amilasa y fosfatasas están presentes desde la absorción del vitelo (1 días post-eclosión, dpe), mostrándose dos picos de actividad entre los 12 y 25 dpe. La Pepsina fue detectada del 34 dpe en adelante. Los zimogramas muestran dos bandas, la primera (26.1 kDa) a los 25 dpe, y la segunda (51.6 kDa) a los 36 dpe. El zimograma de proteasa ácida muestra dos bandas (0.32 y 0.51 rf´s) a los 34 dpe. Finalmente, a partir de tejidos de juveniles se lograron amplificar los genes de tripsina, lipasa y ubiquitina, los cuales muestran altas similitudes (>85%) con los mismos genes de otros peces al utilizar el BLAST. De esta manera, el conocimiento de la fisiología digestiva de C. undecimalis es similar a la de otros peces marinos de hábitos alimenticios carnívoros.

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Alvarez-González, C. A., Gaxiola-Cortés, G., Jiménez-Martínez, L. D., Sanchez-Zamora, A., Arena-Ortiz, L., Martínez-Bruguete, T., Tovar-Ramírez, D., Concha-Frías, B., Márquez-Couturier, G., Perales-García, N., Asencio-Alcudia, G. G., & Jesús-Ramírez, F. (2010). Avances en la fisiología digestiva del robalo blanco (Centropomus undecimalis) en Tabasco, México. Avances En Nutrición Acuicola. Recuperado a partir de https://nutricionacuicola.uanl.mx/index.php/acu/article/view/106

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