Some Steps in Shrimp Nutrition «a linear way»
Keywords:
nutrition, shrimp, physiology, culture systems, wastes, immunity, nutrigenomicsAbstract
In the early 70‟s, applied research was proposed to support pilot stage of penaeid shrimp farming. Later, some nutritional requirements could be addressed with an increased demand for a grower feed through a study on recommended Protein/Energy ratios for P. vannamei and P. stylirostris. The work on squid factor gave an indication on a growth factor. Many attempts to mimic Nippai feed led shrimp mature under captive conditions. COP was pioneering on molt stages and its application to penaeid. The IWGCN was an opportunity to exchange information with the industry on ingredients such as wheat or amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids, growth factor. Feed technology and formulation contributed to feed texture, presentation, and stability in sea water. Shrimp in earthen ponds receive natural productivity as part of their food intake, and techniques with stable isotopes gave values on respective contribution of feed and meiofauna. “Floc”, investigated in the early 80‟s, was another option to promote weight gain at high stocking density, the shrimp being surrounded by kind of an external rumen. Recently breeders maintained in “floc” tanks have spawned 6 times per female/month while females from earthen ponds gave 2spawns/female/month. Immune response via β-glucans was tested. Recently, nutrigenomics dealt with digestive enzymes gene expression in early stages and on juveniles. A collaborative work on several species was dedicated to replace fish meal with plant-based protein. These lines of research coupled with bioenergetics will contribute to minimize wastes.Downloads
References
Andrews, JW and Sick, LV. (1972) Studies on the nutritional requirements of penaeid shrimp. Proceedings. World Aquaculture Society, 3, 403-414.
Arena, L. (2004) étude des populations de crevettes peneides; aspects génétiques du métabolisme des glucides chez L.vannamei (populations sauvages et domestiquées). Thèse EPHE, Paris Sorbonne, 195pp.
Barbieri, MA. and Cuzon,G. (1980) Improved nutrient specification for linear programming of penaeid ration. Aquaculture, 19, 313-323.
Aquacop, Bourgeois, B. and Cuzon, G. (1975) sur le méthode de détermination des stades d‟intermue et son application chez M.rosenbergii et P.merguiensis. Internal report CNEXO, 40pp.
Aquacop, (1975) Maturation and spawning in captivity of penaeid shrimp:Penaeus merguiensis de Man, Penaeus japonicus Bate, Penaeus aztecus Ives, Metapenaeus ensis de Haan and Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan. Journal World Mariculture Society. 5, 123-132.
Aquacop (1979) Penaeid reared broodstock:closing the cycle of P. monodon, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of World Mariculture Society 10, 445-452.
Aquacop (1984) Review of ten years of experimental Penaeid shrimp culture in Tahiti and New Caledonia (South Pacific). Journal World Mariculture Society 15, 73-91.
AQUACOP, Bédier E. and Bianchi M. (1988) Maintenance of water quality by bacterial systems in intensive tropical penaeid culture ponds : preliminary investigations. Présenté à World Aquaculture Society 1988, Hawaii.
AQUACOP, Bédier E. and Soyez C. (1988) Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on growth and respiration of Penaeus vannamei. Présenté à World Aquaculture Society 1988, Hawaii
Aquacop and Cuzon, G. (1989) Selected ingredients for shrimp feed. In Advances in tropical Aquaculture, 20feb-4march, Tahiti, Aquacop/Ifremer, Actes Colloque, 9, 405-412.
Bautista, MN. and Baticados, MCL.(1990) Dietary manipulation to control the chronic soft-shell syndrome in tiger prawn, P.monodon Fabricius. 2nd Asian Fisheries Forum, Tokyo (Japan) 17-22April 1989.
Bédier E., Patrois J., Aquacop (1996) Genetic enhancement of the Penaeus stylirostris Aquacop SPR43 strain. Divergent selection for growth: preliminary results. In Books of Abstracts, SICCPPS, SEAFDEC/AQD, Iloilo, Philippines, May 1996:p60.
Bianchi, A. and Bianchi, M. (1980) Participation des communautés bactériennes aux problèmes poses par l‟élevage de crevettes peneides au COP/Tahiti.
Bierne N., Beuzart I., Vonau V., Bonhomme F., Bédier E., Aquacop (2000) Microsatellite-associated heterosis in hatchery-propagated stocks of the shrimp Penaeus stylirostris. Aquaculture 184, 203-219.
Bureau, D.P., Azevedo, P.A., Tapia-Salazar, M. and Cuzon, G. (2000) Pattern and cost of growth and nutrient deposition in fish and shrimp: potential implications and applications. In: Cruz-Suárez, E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M. and Civera-Cerecedo, R. (Eds). Avances en Nutrición Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposio Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola, 19 al 22 de Noviembre , 2000, Mérida Yucatán, México 2000, 111-140.
Cahu, C.L., Guillaume, J.C, Stéphan, G., Chim, L., (1994) Influence of phospholipid and highly unsaturated fatty acids on spawning rate and egg tissue composition in Penaeus vannamei fed semi-purified diets. Aquaculture 126, 159-170.
Capuzzo, JM and Lancaster, BA.(1979) Larval development in the American lobster:changes in metabolic activity and the O:N ratio. Canadian Journal of Zoologie., 57, 1845-1848.
Carr, W.E.S. (1978) Chemoreception in the shrimp Palaemonetes pugio:the role of amino acids and betaine in the elicitation of a feeding response by extracts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology., 61A, 127-132.
Ceccaldi, H.J., (1978) La nutrition des crustacés. Oceanis, 4, 55-62.
Chim,L., Lemaire, P., Delaporte, M., LeMoullac,G., Galois, R., Martin, JLM. (2001) Could a diet enriched in n-3HUFAs be considered a promising way to enhance the immune defences and the resistance of peneids to environmental stress? Aquaculture Research. 32, 91-94.
Cousin, M. 1995. Contribution à l‟étude de l‟utilisation des glucides et du rapport protéine/énergie chez P.vannamei et P.stylirostris. Thèse INA/PG, Paris, 201pp.
Cowey, CB. and Forster, JR. (1971) the essential amino acids requirements of the prawn Palaemon serratus. Growth on diets containing proteins of different amino acid composition. Marine Biologie, 101, 77-81.
Cruz and Ricque, (1998) Etude de la digestibilité des farines de poissons. Rapport final sur les critères des farines de poissons pour l‟aliment crevette. STD program.
Cruz-Suarez, E. and Guillaume, J. (1983) Facteur de croissance inconnu de la farine de calmar pour la crevette japonaise: localisation de ce facteur. ICES. Meeting, Comm. Maricult.,CM 1983/F:14, 13pp.
Cruz-Suarez,E., Tapia-Salazar,M., Nieto-Lopez, MG., Guajardo-Barbosa, C. and Ricque-Marie,D.(2009) comparison of Ulva clathrata and the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum as ingredients in shrimp feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition 15, 421-430.
Cuzon G. et al .(1994) Composition, preparation and utilization of feeds for Crustacea. Aquaculture 124, 253-267.
Cuzon G., M. Williams, G. Gaxiola and C. Rosas (2001) Shrimp ration for the future. Feed International, June 2001, 4 pp.
Cuzon, G., Gaxiola, G. and Rosas, C. (2006) Nutrition in relation to Reproduction in crustaceans. Science Publishers, ed. E. Mente
Cuzon G., Goguenheim, J.,Gaxiola G. and Aquacop (2008) “Floc” contribution to peneid intensive culture. IX SINA, Ensenada, Mexico,
Dao T., E. Goyard, G. Cuzon, D. Bureau, G. Seynave and AQUACOP (2002) Assessment of the responses to genetic selection for growth in P.stylirostris under different diets
Davis, DA. (2009) Fishmeal extension and use of alternative proteins in shrimp diets. Presented at nutrition session inWorld Aquaculture Society, Veracruz,
Drach, P. (1939) Mue et cycle d‟intermue chez les crustacés Décapodes. Annales Institut Oceanographique, Paris, 19, 103-391.
Ezquerra Brauer, J., Salazar, JA., Alvarado, LB. and Rouzaud-Sandez, O. 2003. Effect of dietary protein on muscle collagen, collagenase and shear force of farmed white shrimp (L.vannamei). Europ. Food Res. technol., 217(4)277-280.
Fox, J. (2008) Estimation of methionine requirement of the Pacific White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using protein-bound and crystalline sources. Presented at nutrition session inWorld Aquaculture Society, Veracruz,
Gauquelin, F., Cuzon, G., Gaxiola, G., Rosas, C., Arena, L., Bureau, DP. and Cochard, JC. (2007) Effect of dietary protein on growth and energy utilization by L.stylirostris under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture, 271, 439-448.
Gaxiola G, Cuzon G, Ceccaldi. (2009) Digestive physiology. In Browdy G and Jory D editors. The rising tide: proceedings of the Special Session on sustainable shrimp farming. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge Lousiana USA ISBN: 978-1-888807-08-0.
Gaxiola, G., Ceccaldi, H.J. and Cuzon, G. (2010) Food vs feed: what makes the point with shrimp? J. Nut. Metabolism, submitted.
GIPM, 1973.
Hazel, JR. and Prosser, CL. (1974) Molecular compensation of temperature in poikilotherms. Physiological. Review 54, 620-677.
Hill, FW. and Dansky, LM. (1950) Studies of the protein requirement of chicks and its relation to dietary energy level. Poultry Science 29, 763.
Howell, BK. and Matthews, AD. (1991) The carotenoids of wild and blue disease affected farmed shrimp P.monodon, Fabricius. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 88, 375-379.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Tokiwa, S., Kayama, M. and Hirata, M. (1979) Essential fatty acids in the diet of prawn: effect of DHA on growth. Bulletin Japanese Society Scientific Fisheries 45, 1151-1153.
Leger, C., Luquet, P. and Boudon, M. (1975) Effects of cbh suppression in diet of RT kept at 10°C. evolution of body compartments w/ special reference to FA n-9, n-6 and n-3 series. Annales Hydrobiologie. Inst. Natl. Rech. Agro. Paris, 6, 71-93.
Lightner, R., Hunter, R., Magarelli, PC., Colvin, LB.(1979) Ascorbic acid: nutritional requirement and role in wound repair in penaeid shrimp. Presented 10th Annu. Meet. World Aquaculture Society; Honolulu (HI) USA, 29 Jan. 1979.
Maldonado, C., Cuzon, G., Guzman, E., Brito, R., Soto, L., Arena, L. and Gaxiola, G. (2009) Effect of an herbivorous diet on energy balance of L.vannamei at selected ontognetic stages. Aquaculture, 296, 123-128.
Martin Y.P. and Bianchi, M.A. (1980) Microbiology Ecology 5, 265-279.
Melcion, JP., Guillaume, J. Méhu, J., Metailler, R. and Cuzon, G. (1983) Préparation d‟aliments pour animaux marins par cuisson-extrusion. Alimentation Animale, 371, 26-31.
Mock Corny, (1980) comm. pers.
Nose, T., Arai, S., Lee, DL. and Hashimoto, Y. (1974) A note on amino acids essential for growth ot young carp. Bulletin Japanese Society Scientific Fisheries 40, 903-908.
Principato, GB., Talesa, V., Giovannini, E., Pascolini, R., Rosi, G. (1988) Characterization of the soluble cholinesterase from Squilla mantis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 90C, 413-416.
Robin, J. 1988. Comparison of Pls from HP L.stylirostris. Proceedings Meeting World Aquaculture Society, Sydney.
Samocha, TM., Patnaik,S., Speed, M., Ali, AM., Burger, JM., Almeida, RV., Ayub, Z., Harisanto, M., Horowitz, A., Brock, DL. (2007) Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for L.vannamei. Aquaculture Engineering 36,184-191.
van Weel, PB. (1974) “Hepatopancreas?” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 47A,1-9.
