Raw Ingredients for Marine Aquaculture Fish
Resumen
Raw ingredients, apparently routine topic and a risk for a recycling of data, are in reality
becoming more and more important. It brings many additional constraints to the formulator.
Just because consumers protection against dioxine, BSE, immunostimulants, or projection
to 2010 concerning fishmeal utilization in aquaculture, will lead to eliminate some products
or to replace others. Meat and bone meal, fishmeal and fish oil are particularly concerned.
So aside from conventional protein sources, many ingredients especially from plant origin
are tested and it opens up a new era for nutritional research. A short review of common
ingredients for shrimp and fish brings new recommendations, evidences old papers, triggers
the feed manufacturer, makes appear new set of additives (amino acids, attractants,
concentrates, pigments,…) to face challenges of fast growing fish and shrimp in different
culture systems. Biosecurity measures add up some considerations on the pertinence of
recycling aquaculture by-products. Then from a routine topic, it comes up a fascinating one,
which combines contribution from farmers, from manufacturers, scientists, and in particular
nutritionists, all tended to make the best combination at a minimum price. Outlines of the
paper were set to sum up 5 years research on sea bass culture (Aquacop, 1989-94) and draw
a comparative approach (sea bass, snook, red drum) from an ADC point of view,
optimum P/E at different stage of development : larvae, weaning, fingerlings at nursery,
juveniles and grow-out making emphasis on animal vs plant protein : soybean meal with
nutritional aspects and appetibility, fishmeal and fish oil criteria to end up with breeders
requirement and feeding.
Descargas
Citas
Abdel-Warith, A. A., Russell, P. M., Davies, S.J., 2001. Inclusion of a commercial poultry by-product meal as
a protein replacement of fish meal in practical diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell
. Aquaculture Research, 32(1)296-305.
Anon., 1999. Artificial diet on performance of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). Marine Science, 2 :
-10.
Aquacop, 1983. Production of feeds to support shrimp production in Tahiti. Proc. 1st Biennal Conf. Warm
Water Aquaculture, Crustacea, Brigham Young University, Hawaii: 382-387.
Aquacop, Cuzon, G., Thouard, E., 1993. Feeding of cultured Lates calcarifer. Replacement of fish meal by
greaves meal in a grow-out diet. Ifremer, internal report, 30pp.
Cahu, C. L., Zambonino-Infante, J. L., Quazuguel, P., Le Gall, M. M., 1999. Protein hydrolysate vs. fish meal
in compound diets for 10-day old seabass Dicentrarchus labrax larvae. Aquaculture, 171(1-2)109-
Chaimongkol, Boonyaratpalin, M., 2001. Effects of ash and inorganic phosphorus in diets on growth and
mineral composition of sea bass Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Aquaculture Research, 32 (suppl.1): 53-
Chamberlain, G. W., Miget, R. J., Haby, M. G., (comps.), 1990. Red drum Aquaculture. Rep. Texas. A&M
Univ. Sea Grant Program.Tamu-SG-90-603:pp. 109-112
Chen, J. C., Lee, W. C., 1999. Growth of Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta fed on Gracilaria
tenuistipitata and artificial diet in a multiple-tier basket system. Journal Shellfish Resources.
(2) 627-635.
Chu, F.- L. E., Ozkizilcik, S., 1999. Acceptability of complex microencapsulated diets by striped bass
(Morone saxatilis) larvae. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 237(1) 1-9.
Cuzon, G., Chou, R., Fuchs, J., 1990. Nutrition of the seabass Lates calcarifer .Barret, J. (ed.) Advances in
Tropical Aquaculture, Tahiti (French Polynesia), 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989. Actes Colloque Ifremer. No.
pp. 757-763.
Davis, A. D., Arnold, C. R., 2002. Red drum production diets: replacement of FM by SBM. Proceedings
World Aquaculture Society, Pekin, Abstract, p.167.
Davis, D. A., Lazo, J. P., Arnold, C. R., 1999. Response of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to
practical diets supplemented with medium chain triglycerids, Fish Physiology Biochemistry. 21(3)
-247.
Duray, M. N., Juario, J. V., 1987. Broodstock management and seed production of S.guttatus(Bloch) and
L.calcarifer(Bloch). In: perspectives in aquaculture development in SEA and Japan. Proceedings
seminar on aquaculture development on SEA, Iloilo, Philippines, Juario and Bonito eds., 195-210.
El-Sayed, A. F. M., 1994. Evaluation of soybean meal, spirulina meal and chicken offal meal as protein
sources for silver sea bream (Rhabdosargus sarba) fingerlings. Aquaculture 127 /169-176.
Fagbenro, O. A., 1999. Comparative evaluation of heat-processed winged bean (Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus) meals as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for the African catfish (Clarias
gariepinus). Aquaculture, 170(3-4) 297-305.
Fredette, M., Batt, J., Castell, J., 2000. Feeding stimulant for juvenile winter flounders, North American
Journal Aquaculture. 62(2) 157-160.
Gatlin, D. M. III, Gaylord, T. G., Keembiyehetty, C. N., 1996. Nutrition and feeding of red drum and hybrid
striped bass in intensive recirculating systems; ,Honolulu, HI (USA),11-14 Jun 1995 Proceedings of
the PACON Conference on sustainable aquaculture '95.p. 173.
Gara, B., Shields, R. J., Mc Evoy, L., 1998. Feeding strategies to achieve correct metamorphosis of Atlantic
halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., using enriched Artemia. Aquaculture Resources, 29(12) 935-
Garcia-Galano, T., Pérez, J. C., Gaxiola, G., Sanchez, A., 2000. Effect of feeding frequency on gastric
evacuation and growth of juveniles of C. undecimalis (Bloch). V Symposium Intl. de Nutrición
Acuícola, 19-22 nov.2000, Merida,Yucatán.
Garcia-Ortega, A., Huisman, E. A., Sorgeloos, P., Verreth, J., 2001. Evaluation of protein quality in micro
bound starter diets made with decapsulated cysts of Artemia and fishmeal for fish larvae, Journal
World Aquaculture Society 32(3) 317-329.
Gaxiola, G., Gomez, L. M., Garcia, T. J., Garcia-Galano, T., Gracia, V. Y., Sánchez, A., 2000. Adaptación
enzimática a tres frecuencias de alimentación en juveniles del C. udecimalis.V Symposium Intl de
Nutrición Acuícola, 9-22 nov. 2000, Mérida,Yucatán.
Gracia-López, V., García-Galano, T., Gaxiola-Cortés, G., Pacheco-Campos, J., 2001. Preliminary results on
dietary protein level and use of commercial feeds for juvenile of common snook, Centropomus
undecimalis (Bloch, 1792).
Glencross, B. D., Van Barneveld, R. J., Carter, C. G., Clarke, S. M., 1999. On the path to a manufactured
feed for farmed southern blue fin tuna. World Aquaculture. 30(3)42-46.
Hamre, K., Naess, T., Espe, M., Holm, J. C., Lie, O., 2001. A formulated diet for Atlantic halibut
(Hippoglossus hippoglossus, L.) larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7(2) 123-132.
Hardy, R. W., 1998. Fish nutrition: increasing aquaculture production. Aquaculture. Magazine: 24(3)86-90.
Hardy, R. W., 1999. Fish, feeds, and nutrition: grains and their by- products. Aquaculture. Magazine: 25 (6)
-58.
Holt, G. J., 2001. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus culture. Aquaculture 2001, Lake Buena Vista, FL (USA),21-
Jan 2001, Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts, 754 pp.
Izquierdo, M. S., Socorro, J., Arantzamendi, L., Hernandez-Cruz, 2000. Recent advances in lipid nutrition in
fish larvae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Special issue: Advanced Biochemical and Molecular
Approaches to Sea Bream. Aquaculture and its Impact on the Environment. 22: 2 (97-107).
Kaushik, S. J., Cravedi, J. P., Lalles, J. P., Sumpter, J., Fauconneau, B., Laroche, M., 1995. Partial or total
replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential estrogenic or
antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Aquaculture, 133 (3-4) 257-274.
Kissil, G. W., Lupatsch, I., Higgs, D. A., Hardy, R. W., 2000. Dietary substitution of soy and rapeseed
protein concentrates for fish meal, and their effects on growth and nutrient utilization in gilthead
seabream Sparus aurata L. Aquaculture Research 31 (7) 595-601.
Knauer, J., Southgate, P. C., 1999. A review of the nutritional requirements of bivalves and the development
of alternative and artificial diets for bivalve aquaculture, Review Fisheries Science 7(3/4) 241-280.
Krogdahl, A., Bakke- Mckellep, A. M., Roed, K. H., Baeverfjord, G., 2000. Feeding Atlantic salmon Salmo
salar L. soybean products : effects on disease resistance (furunculosis), and lysozyme and IgM levels
in the intestinal mucosa, Aquaculture Nutrition 6(2) 77-84.
Lee, H. B., Guillaume, J., Chou, R., Heng, H. H., Cuzon, G., 1994. Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch)
nutrition. A review of the results from AADCP component 4. In second fish nutrition workshop, 25-
/10/1994, Singapore.
Lochmann, R. T., Gatlin, D. M. III., 1993. Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus ). Fish Physiology Biochemistry 12(3) 221-235
Lovell, T. R., 1979. Formulating diets for aquaculture species. Feedstuffs, 51(27)29-32.
McGoogan, B. B., Reigh, R. C., 1996. Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus) diets. Aquaculture 141( 3-4) 233-244.
Métailler, R., Cadean-Roa, M., Person-LeRuyet, J., 1983. Attractive chemical substances for the weaning of
dover sole (Solea vulgaris): qualitative and quantitative approach. Journal World Aquaculture
Society, 14:679-684.
Moon, H. Y., Gatlin, D. M. III., 1990. Amino acid nutrition of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus ):
Determination of limiting amino acids and development of a suitable amino acid test diet. Takeda,
M., Watanabe, T. (eds.)3. Int. Symp. on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, Toba (Japan),28 Aug-1 Sep
The proceedings .pp. 201-208.
Mukhopadhyay, N., Ray, A. K., 1999. Utilization of copra meal in the formulation of compound diets for
rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings. Journal Applied Ichthyology 15(3) 127-131.
Nédélec, G., Thouard, E., Aquacop., 1997. Controlled year-round spawning of tropical sea bass L. calcarifer
in captivity in French Polynesia. Abstracts island tropical aquaculture, Martinique, p.221.
Obaldo, L. G., Dominy, W. G., Terpstra, J. H., Cody, J. J., Behnke, K. C., 1998. The impact of ingredient
particle size on shrimp feed. Journal Applied Aquaculture 8(4) 55-66.
Obaldo, L. G., Dominy, W. G., Ryu, G. H., 2000. Extrusion processing and its effect on aquaculture diet
quality and shrimp growth. Journal Applied Aquaculture 10(2)41-53.
Ohs, C. L., D'Abramo, L. R., Buddington, R. K., Robinette, H. R., Roethke, J. M., 1998. Evaluation of a
spray- dried artificial diet for larval culture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and
striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Aquaculture Nutrition 4(2)73-82.
Oliva-Teles, A., Gouveia, A. J., Gomes, E., Rema, P., 1994. The effect of different processing treatments on
soybean meal utilization by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. Special issue: Fish
Nutrition and Feeding. 124( 1-4) 343-349.
Partridge, G. J., Southgate, P. C., 1999. The effect of binder composition on ingestion and assimilation of
micro bound diets (MBD) by barramundi Lates calcarifer Bloch larvae. Aquaculture. Resources
(11/12) 879-886.
Pearce, C. M., Daggett, T. L., Robinson, S. M. C., 2002. Effect of binder type and concentration on prepared
feed stability and gonad yield and quality of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis, Aquaculture, 205(3/4) 301-323.
Pérez-Camacho, A., Albentosa, M., Fernandez- Reiriz, M. J., Labarta, U., 1998. Effect of micro algal and
inert (cornmeal and cornstarch) diets on growth performance and biochemical composition of
Ruditapes decussatus seed, Aquaculture 160(1/2) 89-102.
Reigh, R. C., Ellis, S. C., 1992. Effects of dietary soybean and fish-protein ratios on growth and body
composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus ) fed isonitrogenous diets. Aquaculture. 104 (3-4)279-
Rimmer, M. A., Reed, A., 1989. Effects of nutritional enhancement of live food organisms on growth and
survival of barramundi (sea bass) L.calcarifer (Bloch) larvae. Advances in tropical aquaculture,
Tahiti, Feb.20-March 4,1989. Aquacop, Ifremer. Actes de colloque, 9 pp.611-623.
Robinson, E.H., 1991. Nutrition and feeding of red drum. Handbook of nutrient requirements of finfish.
Wilson, R.P. (ed.)196 pp
Rout, R. K., Bandyopadhyay, S., 1999. A comparative study of shrimp feed pellets processed through
cooking extruder and meat mincer, Aquaculture Engineering. 19 (2) 71-79.
Seiffert, M. E. B. Cerqueira, V. R., Madureira, L. A. S., 2001. Effect of dietary (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty
acids on growth and survival of fat snook (Centropomus parallelus, Pisces: Centropomidae) larvae
during first feeding. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research . 34( 5) 645-651
Sener, E., Yildiz, M., 2000. Aquaculture potential and fish feed production in Turkey. World Aquaculture
(3)52-56.
Shimeno, S., Matsumoto, M., Hosokawa, H., Masumoto, T., Matsumoto, T., 1999. Effect of dietary types
on the utilization of practical diet by yellowtail, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 65(5) 866-871.
Soletchnik, P., Thouard, E., Goyard, E.,Yvon, C., Baker, P., 1989. First larval rearing trials of red drum in
Martinique. IN. DE Wohlschlag. Eds. In red drum symposium 22-24 June. Corpus Christi,Texas,
USA.
Spisni, E., Tugnoli, M., Ponticelli, A., Mordenti, T., Tomasi, V., 1998. Hepatic steatosis in artificially fed
marine teleosts. Journal Fish Diseases 21(3) 177-184.
Steffens, W., 1994. Replacing fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in diets for rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 127: 27-34.
Sugiura, S. H., Dong, F. M., Rathbone, C. K., Hardy, R. W., 1998. Apparent protein digestibility and
mineral availabilities in various feed ingredients for salmonid feeds, Aquaculture 159 (3/4) 177-202.
Sugiura, S. H., Dong, F. M., Hardy, R. W., 1998. Effects of dietary supplements on the availability of
minerals in fish meal; preliminary observations. Aquaculture 160 (3/4) 283-303.
Takii, K., Kawamura, K., Urushihara, K., Hanayama, M., Nakamura, M., Miyashita, S., Kumai, H.,
Ukawa, M., 2001. Digestive function of tiger puffer compensates for dietary soybean trypsin
inhibitors and extruded soybean meal. Suisan Zoshoku, 49 (1) 67-76.
Teshima, S., Ishikawa, M., Koshio, S., 2000. Nutritional assessment and feed intake of microparticulate diets
in crustaceans and fish. Aquaculture Resources 31 (8/9) 691-702.
Thoman, E. S., Davis, D. A., Arnold, C. R., 1999. Evaluation of grow out diets with varying protein and
energy levels for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 176 (3/4) 343-353.
Tookwinas, S., 1989. Larviculture of L.calcarifer and E.malabaricus. Advances in tropical aquaculutre,
Tahiti, Feb.20-March 4, 1989. Aquacop, Ifremer. Actes de colloque, 9 pp.645-659.
Tucker, J. W. Jr., Lellis, W. A., Vermeer, G. K., Roberts, D. E., Jr., Woodward, P.N., 1997. The effects of
experimental starter diets with different levels of soybean or menhaden oil on red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus). Aquaculture 149( 3-4) 323-339.
Tucker, J. W., Kennedy, Jr., Blain S., 2001. Snook culture .Aquaculture 2001, Lake Buena Vista, FL (USA),
-25 Jan 2001 Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts World Aquaculture Society, 143 J. M Parker
Coliseum Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA :754 pp.
Tucker, W. J., 1987. Snook and tarpon snook culture and preliminary evaluation for commercial farming. The
Progressive Fish Culturist 49: 57-59.
Walford J, Lim T. M., Lam T. J., 1991. Replacing live foods with microencapsulated diets in the rearing of
seabass (Lates calcarifer) larvae: do the larvae ingest and digest protein membrane microcapsules?.
Aquaculture 92. 225-235.
Watanabe, K., Ura, K., Yada, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., Watanabe, T., 2000. Energy and protein
requirements of yellowtail for maximum growth and maintenance of body weight, Fisheries
Sciences. 66 (6) 1053-1061.
Watanabe, T., Aoki, H., Shimamoto, K., Hadzuma, M., Maita, M., Yamagata, Y., Kiron, V., Satoh, S.,
A trial to culture yellowtail with non-fishmeal diets, Fisheries Science. 64 (4) 505-512.
Webster C. D., Tidwell, J. H., Yancey, D. H., 1991. Evaluation of distillers’grains with solubles as a protein
source in diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture, 96:179-190.
Williams, K. C. Barlow, C. Rodgers, L. Hockings, I. Agcopra, C., 1994. Abstracts from Australian
barramundi farming workshop. Dept of Primary Industries, Brisbane, QLD. (Australia) pp. 13-15.
Wouters, R., Lavens, P., Nieta, J., Sorgeloos, P., 2001. Penaeid shrimp broodstock nutrition: an updated
review on R and D. Aquaculture 202 (1/2) 1-21.
