Carotenoid pigmentation of salmonid fishes - recent progress1
Keywords:
Carotenoids, Astaxanthin, Canthaxanthin, Salmo, Oncorhynchus, ColorAbstract
The purpose of this presentation is to review recent literature on carotenoid pigmentation in
salmonid fishes. Consumers have preferences for red-colored products of salmonid fishes, and this is reflected
by an increased rate of publications on carotenoids in relation to aspects of quality such as coloration,
variation among groups of fish and within fish, and effects of fish production and processing. Recent studies
have shown that dietary carotenoid utilization for muscle pigmentation has a considerable genetic component,
enabling selective breeding for color traits. Recently, studies have shown that astaxanthin (3,3´-dihydroxy-â,
â-carotene-4,4´-dione) E/Z isomers accumulate selectively in fish tissues and plasma. All-E-astaxanthin
accumulate selectively in muscle and plasma, and 13Z-astaxanthin in liver of salmonid fishes. The positive
effect of lipid content on muscle carotenoid deposition appear to be the only interaction with macronutrients.
Also it has been shown that oil composition and á-tocopherol may have slight positive effects on carotenoid
utilization. Storage losses of carotenoids may be considerable, and protection from oxygene is of great
importance. Carotenoid absorption is slow, and apparently governed by passive diffusion. About 60% of the
absorbed carotenoids are metabolized, partly into idoxanthin (3,3´,4´-trihydroxy- â, â -carotene-4-one) which
is rapidly formed from astaxanthin. Carotenoid metabolism and partitioning among body compartments is
affected by sex hormones. Positive effects of astaxanthin on on growth and disease resistance may be related to
carotenoid antioxidant activity.
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