Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Marine Fish Species
Keywords:
Amino acids, Aquaculture, Marine fish, Nutrition, Protein, RequirementAbstract
Intensive aquaculture of marine fish species has highly expanded during the last decades and has potential for
further increase. An increased and consistent supply of high quality aquafeed will be required to sustain this
production and to guaranty the production of protein of high biological value for humans. Protein is the most
abundant and expensive dietary nutrient in aquafeeds and fish meal is still the major dietary protein source in
marine aquafeeds. Given the zootechnical, environmental and economical importance of a well-balanced diet,
fine-tuning of dietary protein and amino acid composition to closely meet fish requirements are therefore of
utmost importance. This is of particular importance when it is considered the dietary replacement of fish meal
by more sustainable and renewable protein sources, such as plant feedstuffs, which have amino acids
unbalances, antinutritional factors, lower protein content and digestibility, and devoid or containing very low
concentrations of some particular micronutrients, as taurine. Concomitantly, in fish the utilization of amino
acids for energy purpose is considered high, and so optimization of amino acids/protein accretion has great
importance and practical implications. Besides the nutritional proprieties of amino acids, emerging evidence
shows that some of them have functional properties, regulating key metabolic pathways crucial to
maintenance, growth, and immune responses, being of strong interest in fish production. The importance of
gaining further knowledge regarding amino acid requirements, metabolism and utilization as functional
ingredients in aquaculture fish species will be stressed.
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