Contribution to Protein/Energy Requirement and Metabolic Aspects for Two Carnivorous Species Lates Calcarifer, Epinephelus Morio Juveniles with Reference to Trout
Palabras clave:
seabass, grouper, energy budget, protein/energy ratio, RT.Resumen
In nature, both species were identified as carnivorous and fed commonly on trash fish. These two marine fish were studied for optimum protein requirement and optimum energy content of compounded feeds. Those marine fish raised in tropical conditions showed some similarities in terms of protein requirement their metabolism differ en relation to swimming activity Swimming activity differed between the two species, active with L.calcarifer and quiet with E. Morio (200g av.wt or 86g MBW) that inferred on energy partitioning. Energy retention was high (40kJ/fish/d) for E.morio compared with other groupers or species such as Cobia, red drum. L.calcarifer data showed an optimum weight gain in tanks at 25mgDP/kJDE as reported previously.
From a 3D representation of weight gain at different DP and DE and DP/DE levels it was possible to identify such optima with possible extension for FCR and lipid accumulation. Such data helped to formulate feed for grow-out in floating cages. experimental diets for E. morio placed in running seawater tanks were formulated on a basis of digestible protein sources to measure its weight gain on a constant DP level and various sources of carbohydrates. Relative requirement was assess however the absolute requirement in terms of g protein per 100g biomass per day was 1.5g protein for 50kJ DE to reach a specific growth rate of 2.4%more useful from a practical point of view. In final all those values need each time to be reported to a well studied species such as salmonids RT (20g av. weight).
Descargas
Citas
Beamish F.W.H. 1975 Apparent SDA of large mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31, 1763-1769.
Brett, JR. 1972. The metabolic demand for oxygen in fish particularly salmonids and a comparison with other vertebrates. Resp. Physiol.,14(1-2)151-170.
Brett JR. and Groves TDD. 1979. Physiological energetic. In Fish Physiology (Ed. Hoar W. S., Randall D. J. and Brett J. R.), Academic Press, New York. Vol VIII, 279-352.
Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and growth. NY., Reinhold, 1023pp.
Brulé, T. and Rodriguez-Canché. LG. 1993. Food habits of juvenile red groupers, Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828), from Campeche Bank, Yucatan, México. Bulletin of Marine Science 52(2): 772-779.
Bureau D.P., Azevedo P.A., Tapia-Salazar M. & Cuzon G. (2000) Pattern and cost of growth and nutrient deposition in fish and shrimp: potential implications and applications. pp111-140. In V. Memorias del V Simposio Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola (Cruz-Suárez, E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M. and Civera-Cerecedo, R. Eds). 19 al 22 de Noviembre, 2000, Mérida, Yucatán, México,
Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J., Bayle, H.S. 1982. Bioenergetics on salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73:25-41.
Cho, C.Y., 1992. Feeding systems for rainbow trout and other salmonids with reference to current estimates of energy and protein requirements. Aquaculture 100, 107-123.
Cho, CY. and Bureau, DP2001Nutrition, Energetics and Growth of Fish: Current Challenges and Approaches NATO Science Series: Series A: Life Sciences.. 314:99-115. Modern Aquaculture in the Coastal Zone-Lessons and Opportunities.
Chou, R., Guillaume, J., Lee, HB., Cuzon, G., Heng, HH., Fuchs, J. 1992. Requirements in R&D of marine fish and shrimp feeds in Singapore. Presented at the 3rd Asian Fisheries Forum, Oct. 1992. Singapore.
Chou, R., Guillaume, J., Lee, HB., Cuzon, G., Heng, HH. and Fuchs, J. 1993. Optimum protein to energy ration for tropical seabass Lates calcarifer, Bloch. I. Determination of optimal protein level at constant energy. Presented at the World Aquaculture Society, May 1993, Spain.
Dabrowski, KR., 1986. A new type of metabolism chamber for the determination of active and postprandial metabolism of fish, and consideration of results for coregonid and salmon juveniles.Journal of Fish Biology 28(1)105-118.
Fukuhara, O., 1989. A review of the culture of grouper in Japan. Bull. Nancei Reg. Fish. Lab. 22: 47-57.
Guillaume J. 1999. Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans. Ed. Guillaume, Bergot, Kaushik and Métailler, INRA, 489 pp.
Jobling, M. 1994. Fish bioenergetics. Chapman & Hall. London. 309 pp.
Kaushik, S.J. and Oliva-Teles, A. 1986. Effect of digestible energy on nitrogen and energy balance in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, v.50, p.89-101.
Kleiber M., 1975. The fire of life. New York, Robert E. Kleiber Publishing Co.
Lee, HB, Guillaume, J., Chou, R., Cuzon, G. Heng, HH.,and Fuchs, J 1995. Methodology in the study of seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch): Nutritional requirements in Singapore Journal of applied ichthyology/Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie. Hamburg, Berlin. 11,(3-4)302-308.
Luo, Z., Liu, Y.J., Mai, K.S., Tian, L.X., Liu, D.H., Tan, X.Y., 2004. Optimal dietary protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles fed isoenergetic diets in floating net cages. Aquaculture. Nutrition, 10, 247–252.
Lupatsch, Kissil, Sklan, Pfeffer 2001. Effects of varying dietary protein and energy supply on growth, body composition and protein utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) Aquacult. Nutr. 7(2)71-80.
Lupatsch, I. and Kissil, GWM., 2005. Feed formulations based on energy and protein demands in white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus). Aquaculture 248, 83–95.
Pierce, RJ. 1977. Life history and ecological energetics of the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) in Acton lake, Ohio. Doctoral dissertation. Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio.
Shiau, SY. and Lan C
W. 1996. Optimal dietary protein level and protein to energy ratio for growth of grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). Aquaculture 145: 259-266. Smith, RR.1971. A method for measuring digestibility and metabolizable energy of feeds. Prog. Fish Cult. 33:132-134. Stryer, L. 1988. Biochemistry, 3rd ed., W.H. Freeman and Co, NY. 1089pp.
Teng, SK. 1978. Preliminary observation on the dietary protein requirement of estuary grouper, Epinephelus salmonides, cultured in floating net cages. Aquaculture 15, 257-271.
Tsai, JC. 1991. Protein and energy requirements of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.70pp.
