Conocimiento actual y nuevas perspectivas en el desarrollo de dietas para larvas de peces marinos
Palabras clave:
dietas artificiales, peces marinos, requerimientos nutricionalesResumen
La investigación realizada durante los últimos veinte años con el fin de desarrollar dietas
artificiales para larvas de peces marinos no ha logrado producir una dieta que reemplace totalmente la
utilización de alimento vivo. Sin embargo, avances recientes en el conocimiento de la capacidad digestiva y
requerimientos nutricionales de las larvas indican que no estamos muy lejos de lograr este objetivo. La
mayoría de los estudios que han examinado dietas artificiales indican crecimiento y supervivencia inferior
comparadas con la utilización del alimento vivo. Anteriormente, esto había sido atribuido a una baja actividad
enzimática en las larvas y al efecto compensatorio de las enzimas exógenas presentes en el alimento vivo. En
contraste, investigaciones recientes indican que el aporte de las enzimas exógenas a la actividad total es
relativamente insignificante. El reto actual en el desarrollo de dietas para larvas de peces marinos, consiste en
identificar y caracterizar la estructura química de los nutrientes requeridos, y de proveerlos en las
proporciones adecuadas para que el sistema digestivo pueda digerirlos y absorberlos. El presente trabajo
intenta integrar los conocimientos actuales sobre la capacidad digestiva de las larvas, los requerimientos
nutricionales y la tecnología de producción de dietas, para lograr el desarrollo de dietas que permitan
exitosamente remplazar la utilización de alimento vivo en el cultivo de larvas de peces marinos. Para ello se
revisan el desarrollo y fisiología digestiva de las larvas, sus requerimientos nutricionales, los tipos de dietas
actualmente utilizados y finalmente se sugieren algunos índices de tipos y niveles de nutrientes que podrían
ser utilizados como guía para formular una dieta artificial “ideal”.
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