Diversification of Fads2 in Finfish Species: Implications for Aquaculture
Keywords:
Fads2, Finfish, AquacultureAbstract
The capabilities for biosynthesis of long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) of farmed fish have been
extensively studied in order to determine qualitative requirements for dietary essential fatty acids and to ensure high levels
of omega-3 LC-PUFA in the farmed products for human consumption. Although LC-PUFA biosynthesis comprises multiple
steps catalyzed by several enzymes, rate-limiting reactions in the pathways are controlled by fatty acid desaturases (Fads),
enzymes introducing new double bonds into fatty acyl chains. The repertoire of Fads-encoding genes varies among
vertebrates. Mammals have two FADS with known roles in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways, namely FADS1 with Δ5
desaturase activity and FADS2 with Δ6 activity. Interestingly, teleosts, the fish group which most farmed species belong to,
appear to have lost fads1 during evolution and therefore Fads2 is the sole enzyme able to account for the desaturation
reactions in the LC-PUFA pathway in teleosts. Unlike mammals though, functions of teleost Fads2 have diversified
remarkably as a result of species-specific evolutionary history and environmental factors including habitat (marine vs
freshwater), trophic level and ecology. This paper reviews the recent progress made on molecular aspects underlying the
functional diversity of Fads2 characterized so far from finfish species. Specifically, we discuss the potential implications
that Fads2 functions have for the ability of fish species to efficiently utilize dietary fatty acids when fed on vegetable oilbased
feeds. In addition, current developing technologies including genetic approaches (e.g. transgenesis) to improve the
LC-PUFA biosynthetic capability of fish are discussed.
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