Nutrición de Reproductores y Juveniles de Peces Marinos
Resumen
A través de los años el interés en el cultivo de algunos peces marinos para repoblamiento y
producción de alimento ha seguido creciendo. Algunas de las especies más importantes para
las cuales se han realizado estudios nutricionales incluyen a la dorada “gilthead seabream”
(Sparus aurata), la lobina europea (Dicentrarchus labrax), al espárido “red drum” (Sciaenops
ocellatus), al espárido “red seabream” (Pagrus major), y al jurel “yelowtail” (Seriola
quinqueradiata).
Muchas de esas especies pueden ser cultivadas e inducidas al desove de manera confiable
bajo condiciones controladas, lo que ha permitido hacer investigaciones sobre la influencia de
factores nutricionales sobre el rendimiento reproductivo. Sin embargo, mucha de la
investigación en nutrición de peces marinos ha sido enfocada a los estadios larvarios y
juveniles.
Las larvas de peces marinos son generalmente muy pequeñas al momento de la eclosión y
dependen de los nutrientes endógenos del saco vitelino por un corto período de tiempo.
Después de que el saco vitelino se ha agotado, una fuente exógena de alimentación es
típicamente ofrecida en la forma de zooplancton, el cual puede variar dependiendo del
sistema de cultivo larvario empleado. La talla del zooplancton es generalmente ajustado al
crecimiento de la larva, y al mismo tiempo durante la crianza larvaria se puede proveer de
dietas microparticuladas. Sin embargo, las dietas comerciales disponibles para larvas
generalmente no han sido capaces de reemplazar el alimento vivo para la mayoría de las
larvas de peces marinos que son cultivados intensivamente.
Cuando las larvas de peces marinos sufre la transición a juveniles, son generalmente
alimentadas con proporciones cada vez mayores de dietas artificiales hasta que son
completamente “destetadas” con dichas dietas. Es en esa etapa juvenil que se ha generado
mucha de la información nutricional para varios peces marinos. Este trabajo revisa la
información nutricional conocida para juveniles de peces marinos de acuerdo a los grupos
principales de nutrientes, y entonces se consideran algunos aspectos de la nutrición de los
reproductores.
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