Aditivos Alimentarios para Camarones Marinos: Salud y Nutrición
Palabras clave:
Probióticos, prebióticos, ácidos orgánicos, macroalgasResumen
El sector de la camaronicultura viene enfrentando dificultades relativas al surgimiento de enfermedades. Para
la prevención de mortalidades, el uso profiláctico de fármacos quimioterapéuticos es una práctica común. Sin
embargo, debido al residuo dejado en la carne de los animales y la selección de bacterias resistentes, el uso de
antibióticos en la acuicultura fue prohibido en varios países. Por lo tanto, es necesario el desarrollo de
estrategias alternativas para el control de enfermedades en el cultivo de camarones, tales como el uso de
probióticos, prebióticos, ácidos orgánicos y compuestos bioactivos. Los probióticos son bacterias benéficas,
que al ser suministradas colonizan el tracto digestivo de los animales de cultivo con el objetivo de mejorar la
salud de estos animales. Los probióticos actúan en la microbiota del hospedero inhibiendo el crecimiento de
bacterias patógenas, ya sea por la producción de compuestos antimicrobianos o por exclusión competitiva.
Los prebióticos son ingredientes alimentares no digeribles que afectan benéficamente el hospedero
estimulando selectivamente el crecimiento y/o la actividad de un determinado grupo de bacterias benéficas en
el tracto digestivo. Otro aditivo que viene ganando espacio en la industria del cultivo de camarones son los
ácidos orgánicos o sus sales. Los ácidos orgánicos o sus sales ejercen efectos sobre el desempeño zootécnico
de los animales durante los cultivos inhibiendo bacterias patógenas en el tracto intestinal del camarón. Las
macroalgas también pueden ser usadas como aditivos alimentares para camarones ya que tienen actividad
antimicrobiana frente a bacterias y poseen compuestos que pueden actuar como inmunoestimulantes para
camarones.
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