Efecto de los Lípidos Dietéticos en la Salud y Resistencia al Estrés en Peces.
Abstract
Todas las especies de vertebrados tienen requerimientos de ciertos ácidos grasos
poliinsaturados (PUFA) que son suministrados por los lípidos en la dieta. Si aparece una
deficiencia, el animal sufre una reducción en el crecimiento, alteraciones en la reproducción y
patologías diversas. Estos ácidos grasos son los denominados ácidos grasos esenciales
(AGEs). Este término incluye ácidos grasos de la serie n-6, derivados del ácido linoleico (18:
2n-6), y de la serie n-3, derivados del ácido linolénico (18:3n-3).
Downloads
References
Ako, H., C.S. Tamaru, P. Bass y C.S. Lee. 1994. Enhancing the resistance to physical stress in larvae of
Mugil cephalus by feeding of enriched Artemia nauplii. Aquaculture. 122: 81-90.
Ashton, I., K. Clements, S.E. Barrow, C.J. Secombes y A.F. Rowley. 1994. Effects of dietary fatty acids
on eicosanoid-generating capacity, fatty acid composition and chemotactic activity of rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leucocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1214: 253-262.
Barton, B.A. 1988. Endocrine and metabolic responses of fish to stress. Int. Assoc. Aquat. Anim. Med.
Proc., 19: 41-55.
Barton, B.A., C.B. Schreck y L.G. Fowler. 1988. Fasting and diet content affect stress-induced changes in
plasma glucose and cortisol in juvenile chinook salmon. Prog. Fish. Cult., 50: 16-22.
Bell, J.G., A.H. McVicar, M.T. Park y J.R. Sargent. 1991a. High dietary linolenic acid affects the fatty acid
compositions of individual phospholipids from tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar):
Association with stress susceptibility and cardiac lessions. J. Nutr., 121: 1163-1172.
Bell, J.G., R.S. Raynard y J.R. Sargent. 1991b. The effect of dietary linoleic acid on the fatty acid
composition of individual phospholipids and lipoxygenase products from gills and leucocytes of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lipids, 26: 445-450.
Bell, J.G., J.R. Dick, J.R. Sargent y A.H. McVicar. 1992a. Dietary linolenic acid affects phospholipid fatty
acid composition in heart and eicosanoid production by cardiomyocytes from Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 103A: 337-342.
Bell, J.G., J.R. Sargent y R.S. Raynard. 1992b. Effects of increasing dietary linoleic acid on phsopholipid
fatty acid composition and licosanoid production in leucocytes and gill cells of Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar). Prost. Leuk. Essent. Fatty Acids, 45: 197-206.
Bell, J.G., D.R. Tocher, F.M. McDonald y J.R. Sargent. 1994a. Effects of diet rich in linoleic (18:2n-6) and
-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids on the growth, lipid class and fatty acid composition and eicosanoid
production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 13 (2): 105-118.
Bell, J.G., D.R. Tocher y J.R. Sargent. 1994b. Effect of supplementation with 20:3(n-6), 20:4(n-6) and
:5(n-3) on the production of prostaglandins E and F of the 1-, 2- and 3-series in turbot
(Scophthalmus maximus) brain astroglial cells in primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1211:
-342.
Blazer, V.S., G.T. Ankley y D. Finco-Kent. 1989. Dietary influences on disease factors in channel catfish.
Devel. Comp. Immun., 13: 43-48.
Boggio, S.M., R.W. Hardy, J. K. Babbit y E.L. Brannon. 1985. The influence of dietary lipid source and
alpha-tocopheryl acetate level on product quality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture,
: 13-24.
Brenner, R.R. 1984. Effect of unsaturated acids on membrane structure and enzyme kinetics. Prog. Lipid.
Res., 23: 69-96.
Castell, J.D., R.O Sinhuber, J.H Wales y J.D Lee. 1972. Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri): Physiological sympthoms of EFA deficiency. J. Nutr., 102: 87-92.
DeWille, J.W., P.J. Fraker, D.R Romsos. 1979. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency, and various levels
of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on humoral immunity in mice. J. Nutr., 109: 1018-1027.
DeWille, J.W., P.J. Fraker, D.R Romsos. 1979. Effects of dietary fatty acids on delayed-type
hypersensitivity in mice. J. Nutr., 111: 2039-2043.
Dixon, P.F., M. Booth y J. Butler. 1967. The corticosteroids. En: Hormones in blood. C.H. Gray y A.L.
Bacharach (eds.). 2ª edición. Academic press, New York. Volumen II: 307 -379.
Erdal, J.I., O. Evensen, O.K. Kaurstad, A. Lillehaug, R. Solbakken & K. Throud. 1991. Relationship
between diet and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after feeding various
levels of ascorbic acid and omega-3 fatty acids. Aquaculture, 98: 363-379.
Farbridge, K.L. y J.F. Leatherland. 1992. Temporal changes in plasma thyroid hormone, growth hormone
and free fatty acid concentrations, and hepatic 5' -monodeidodinase activity, lipid and protein
content during chronic fasting and refeeding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish
Physiol. Biochem., 10: 245-257.
Fletcher, T. 1997. Dietary effects on stress and health. En: Fish stress and health in aquaculture. (G.K.
Iwama, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter, C.B. Schreck, eds.). Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge: 223-246.
Fracalossi, D.M. y R.T. Lovell. 1994. Dietary lipid sources influence responses of channel catfish (Ictalurus
punctatus) to challenge with the pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri. Aquaculture, 119: 287-298.
Fracalossi, D.M., M.C. Craig-Schmidt y R.T. Lovell. 1994. Effect of dietary lipid sources on production of
leukotriene B by head kidney of channel catfish held at different water temperatures. J. Aquat.
Anim. Health, 6: 242-250.
Friend, J.V., S.O. Lock, M.I. Gurr y W.E. Parish. 1980. Effect of different dietary lipids on the immune
responses of Hartley strain guinea pigs. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 62: 292-301.
Forlin, L. y C.Haux. 1985. Increased excretion inthe bile of 17b-(3H) estradiol-derived radiocativity in
rainbow trout treated with b-naphthoflavone. Aqu. Toxicol., 6: 197-208.
Gatesoupe, F.J., C. Leger, R. Metailler, P. Luquet. 1977. Alimentation lipidique du turbot (Scophtalmus
maximus L.) I. Influence de la langeur de chaire de acides gras de la serie w3. Annal. Hydrobiol.,
: 89-97.
Giron, M.D., F.J. Mataix y M.D. Suarez. 1992. Long-term effects of dietary monusaturated and
polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid composition of erythrocyte membrane in dogs. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., 102A(1): 197-201.
Greene, D.H.S. y D.P. Selivonchick. 1990. Effects of dietary vegetable, animal and marine lipids on
muscle lipid and hematology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 89: 165-182.
Gurr, M.I. y J.L. Harwood. 1991. Lipid Biochemistry. An introduction. 4ª edición. Chapman & Hall. Londres.
Hagave, T.A, Y. Johansen y B. Christophersen. 1991. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on osmotic fragility of
rat erythrocytes. Bioch. Biophys. Acta, 1084: 251-254.
Idler, D.R. y B. Truscott. 1972. Corticosteroids in fish. En: Steroids in non-mammalian vertebrates. D.R.
Idler (ed). London Academic press: 127-252.
Izquierdo, M.S. 1996. Essential fatty acid requirements of marine fish larvae. Aquacult. Nutr., 2: 183-191.
Izquierdo, M.S., T. Watanabe, T. Takeuchi, T. Arakawa, y C. Kitajima. 1989. Optimal levels in Artemia to
meet the EFA requirements of red seabream (Pagrus major). En: The current status of fish
nutrition in aquaculture (Takeda, M. & T., Watanabe, eds.). japan Tranbslation Center, Ltd. Tokyo,
Japan.: 221-232.
Kalogeropoulos, N., M.N. Alexis y R.J. Henderson. 1992. Effects of dietary soybean and cod-liver oil
levels on growth and body composition of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 104:
-308.
Kamara, K., R. Eskay y T. Castonguay. 1998. High-fat diets and stress responsivity. Physiol. Behav., 64:
-6.
Kanazawa, A. 1997. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and phospholipids on stress tolerance of fish.
Aquaculture, 155: 129-134.
Klinger, R.C., V.S. Blazer y C. Echevarria. 1996. Effects of dietary lipid on the hematology of channel
catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture, 147: 225-233.
Kiron, V., A. Gunji, N. Okamoto, S. Satoh, Y. Ikeda y T. Watanabe. 1993. Dietary nutrients dependent
variations on natural-killer-activity of the leucocytes of rainbow trout. Gyobyo Kenkyu, 28: 71-76.
Kiron, V., T. Takeuchi y T Watanabe. 1994. The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in rainbow trout under
different dietary fatty acid status. Fisheries Science, 60(1): 93-95.
Kiron, V., H. Fukuda, T. Takeuchi y T. Watanabe. 1995. Esential fatty acid nutrition and defence
mechanisms in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 111A (3): 361-367.
Knight, J. y A.F. Rowley. 1995. Immunoregulatory activities of eicosanoids in the rainbow trout,
Onchorynchus mykiss. Immunol., 85: 1605-1610.
Kraul, S., K. Brittain, R. Cantrell, T. Nagao, H. Ako, T. Ogasawara, y H. Kitagawa. 1993. Nutritional
factors affecting stress resistance in the larval mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus. J. World Aquac.
Soc., 24: 186-193.
Lee, K.K., R.S. Raynard y A.E. Ellis. 1989. The phospholipid composition of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
L., erythrocye membranes. J.Fish Biol., 35: 313-314.
Leray, C., G. Nonnote y L. Nonnote. 1986. The effect of dietary lipids on the trout erythrocyte membrane.
Fish Physiol. Biochem., 1(1): 27-35.
Li, M.H., D.J. Wise, M.R. Johnson y E.H. Robinson. 1994. Dietary menhanden oil reduced resistance of
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Aquaculture, 128: 335-344.
Lingenfelser, J.T., V.S. Blazer y J. Gay. 1995. Influence of fish oil in production catfish feeds on selected
disease resistance factors. J. Appl. Aquacult., 5: 37-48.
Mathias, A.L. y J. Dupont. 1985. Quantitative relationships between dietary linolenate and prostaglandin
(eicosanoid) biosynthesis. Lipids, 20: 791-801.
MacDonald , B.C. Anderson, Q.R. Rogers, C.A. Buffington y J.G. Morris. 1984. Essential fatty acid
requirements of cats: pathology of essential fatty acid deficiency. Am J. Vet. Res., 45: 1310-1317.
McKenzie, D.J. G. Piraccini, J.F. Steffensen, C.L. Bolis, P. Bronzi y E.W. Taylor. 1995. Effects of diet
on spontaneous locomotor activity and oxygen consumption in adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser
naccarii). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 14(5): 341-35.
McKenzie, D.J. G. Piraccini, N. Papini, C. Galli, P. Bronzi, C.L. Bolis, y E.W. Taylor. 1997. Oxygen
consumption and ventlatory reflex responses are influenced by dietary lipids in sturgeon. Fish
Physiol. Biochem., 16: 365-379.
McMurchie, E.J., J.A. Rinaldi, S.L. Burnard, G.S. Patern, M. Neumann, C.H. McIntosh, M. Abbey y
R.A. Gibson. 1990. Incorporation and effects of dietary eicosapentaenoate (20:5n-3) on plasma
and erythrocytes lipids of the marmoset following dietary supplementation with different levels of
linoleic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1045: 164-173.
Montero, D. 1996. Efecto de las deficiencias nutricionales de alfa-tocoferol y n3 HUFA sobre la resistencia
a condiciones estresantes de cultivo en juveniles de dorada. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Las
Palmas de Gran Canaria. 262 pp.
Montero, D. L. Tort, M.S. Izquierdo, L. Robaina y J.M. Vergara. (1998). Depletion of serum alternative
complement pathway activity in gilthead seabream caused by alpha-tocopherol and n-3 HUFA
dietary deficiencies. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 18: 399-407.
Montero, D., V.S. Blazer, J. Socorro, M.S. Izquierdo y L. Tort. (en prensa(a)). Dietary and culture
influences on macrophage aggregate parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles.
Aquaculture, en prensa.
Montero, D., M.S. Izquierdo, L. Tort, L. Robaina y J.M. Vergara. (en prensa(b)). High stocking density
produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead
seabream, Sparus aurata, juveniles. Fish Physiol. Biochem., en prensa.
Moses, M.S. y W.J. Graig. 1983. Effects of dietary fat on the fatty acid composition of rat erythrocyte
phospholipids. Nutr. Rep. Int., 28: 983-990.
Mourente, G. y D. Tocher., 1993. Incorporation and metabolism of 14C-labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids
in juvenile sea bream Sparus aurata L. in vivo. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 10(6): 443-453.
Murray , M.J., B.A. Svingen, T.L. Yaksh y R.T. Holman. 1993. Effects of endotoxin on pigs prefed w3 vs.
W6 fatty acid-enriched diets. Am. J. Physiol., 265: E920-E927.
Pettitt, T.R., S.E. Barrow y A.F. Rowley. 1991. Thromboxane, prostaglandin and leukotriene generation by
rainbow trout blood. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 1: 71-74.
Pickering, A.D. y A. Stewart. 1984. Acclimation of the interrenal tissue of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L.,
to chronic crowding stress. J. Fish Biol., 24: 731-740.
Pickering, A.D. y T.G. Pottinger. 1989. Stress responses and disease resistance in salmonid fish: effects
of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 7: 253-258.
Pilarczyk, C. 1995. Changes in specific carp immune reaction caused by addition of fish oil to pellets.
Aquaculture, 129: 425-429.
Popp-Snijders, C., J.A. Schouten, W.J. van Blitterswijk y E.A. van der Veen. 1986. Changes in the
membrane lipid composition of human erythrocyte after dietary supplementation of (n-3)
polyunsaturated fatty acids. Maintenance of membrane fluidity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 854: 31-
Pottinger, T.G., T.A. Moran y P.A. Cranwell. 1992. The biliary accumulation of corticosteroids in rainbow
trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during acute and chronic stress. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 10: 55-66.
Raynard, R.S., A.H. McVicar, J.G. Bell, A. Youngson, D. Knox y C.O. Fraser. 1991. Nutritional aspects
of pancreas disease of Atlantic salmon: the effects of dietary vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty
acids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 98A (1): 125- 131.
Rowley, A.F., S.E. Barrow y T.C. Hunt. 1987. Preliminary studies on eicosanoid production by fish
leucocytes, using GC-mass spectrometry. J. Fish Biol., 31 (supplement A): 107-111.
Rowley, A.F., J. Knight, P. Lloyd-Evans, J.W. Holland y P.J. Vickers. 1995. Eicosanoids and their role in
immune modulation in fish. A brief overview. Fish & Shellfish Immun., 5: 549-567.
Salte, R., M.S. Thommansen y K. Wold. 1988. Do high levels of dietary polyunsaturated acids (EPA/DHA)
prevent diseases associated with membrane degeneration in farmed Atlantic salmon at low water
temperatures?. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish. Pathol., 8(3): 63-65.
Sargent, J.R., R.J. Henderson y D.R. Tocher. 1989. The lipids. En: Fish nutrition. J.E. Halver (Ed.).
Academic press, San Diego: 153-218.
Sargent, J.R., J.G. Bell, M.V. Bell, R.J. Henderson y D.R. Tocher. 1995. Requirement criteria for
essential fatty acids. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 11: 183-198.
Schreck, C.B. 1981. Stress and compensation in teleostean fishes: Response to social and physical
factors. En: Stress and fish. Pickering, A.D. (Ed.). Academic press. Londres: 295-321.
Secombes, C.J., K. Clements, I. Ashton y A.F. Rowley. 1994. The effect of eicosanoids on rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, leucocyte proliferation. Vet. Immunol. Immunop., 42: 367-378.
Sheldon, W.H. y V.S. Blazer. 1991. Influence of dietary lipid and temperature on bactericidal activity of
channel catfish macrophages. J. Aqua. Animal Health, 3: 87-93.
Srivastava, S. y I. Sahai. 1987. Effects of loading density on carbohydrate metabolism and hematology in
the indian freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Aquaculture, 66: 275-286.
Surette, M.E., J. Whelan, G. Lu, I. Hardard'ottir y J.E. Kinsella. 1995. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids modify syrian hamster platelet and macrophage phsopholipid fatty acyl composition and
eicosanoid synthesis: a controlled study. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1255: 185-191.
Takeuchi, T. Arakawa, S. Satoh y T. Watanabe. 1992. Supplemental effect of phospholipids and
requirement of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids of juvenile striped jack. Nippon
Suisan Gakkaishi, 58: 707-713.
Tannenbaum, B.M., D.N. Brindley, G.S. Tannenbaum, M.F. Dallman, M.D. McArthur, y M.J. Meaney.
High-fat feeding alters both basal and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity
in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E1168-E1177.
Thompson, K.D., R.J. Henderson y M.F. Tatner. 1995. A comparison of the lipid composition of peripheral
blood cells and head kidney leucocytes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comp. Biochem.
Physiol., 112B(1): 83-92.
Thongrod, S., T. Takeuchi, S. Satoh y T. Watanabe. 1989. Requirement of fingerling whitefish
(Coregonus laveratus) for dietary n-3 fatty acids. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 55: 1983-1987.
Vijayan, M.M., J.S. Ballantyne y J.F. Leatherland. 1990. High stocking density alters the energy
metabolism of brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Aquaculture, 88: 371-381.
Vijayan, M.M., G.D. Foster y T.W. Moon. 1993. Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and
responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus. Fish Physiol. Biochem.,
(4): 327-335.
Waagbo, R., K. Sandnes, O. Lie y E.R. Nilsen. 1993. Health aspects of dietary lipid sources and vitamin
E in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). I. Erythrocyte total lipid fatty acid composition, haematology
and humoral immune response. Fiskeridirektorates Skrifter, Serie Ernoering, 6: 47-62.
Waagbo, R., G.I. Hemre, J. CHR. Holm y O. Lie. 1995. Tissue fatty acid composition, haematology and
immunity in adult cod, Gadus morhua L., fed three dietary lipid sources. J. Fish Dis., 18: 615-622.
Wales, N.A.M. 1988. Hormone studies in Myxine glutinosa: effects of the eciosanoids arachidonic acid,
prostaglandin E1, E2, A2, F2 , thromboxane B2 and of indomethacin on plasma cortisol, blood
pressure, urine flow and electrolyte balance. J. Comp. Physiol., 158 (B): 621-626.
Watanabe, T. 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73B: 3-15.
Willis, A.L. 1981. Nutritional and pharmacological factors in eicosanoid biology. Nutr. Rev., 39: 289-301.
Wolke, R.E. 1992. Piscine macrophage aggregates: a review. Ann. Rev. of Fish Dis.: 91-108.
Yang, X., J.L. Tabachek y T.A. Dick. 1994. Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsatturated fatty acids on lipid and
fatty acid composition and haematology of juvenile artic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Fish
Physiol. Biochem., 12(5): 409-420.
Yone, Y. 1978. Essential fatty acid requirement of marine fish. En: Dietary lipids in aquaculture. Jap. Soc.
Sci. Fish. (eds). Koseisha-Koseikaku. Tokio: 43-59