El Papel de los Minerales Traza en la Salud de los Peces
Abstract
La investigación sobre el papel de los elementos traza en la salud de los peces se limita al
hierro, zinc y selenio. Los niveles dietéticos óptimos de hierro reportados para diferentes
especies van de 30 mg/kg a 175 mg/kg de la dieta. La deficiencia férrica causa anemia
hipocrómica microcitica, anorexia, crecimiento pobre, reducción del contenido ferrico en el
suero, saturación de transferrina, y aumenta la capacidad total de unión al hierro. Los datos
actuales sugieren que el título del anticuerpo y engullamiento de bacterias por macrófago no
estuvieron deprimidos en el bagre de canal (chanel catfish) deficiente de hierro. La quimiotaxis
del macrófago en respuesta al exoantigeno de Edwardsiella ictaluri fue bajo para el pez
alimentado con la dieta deficiente de hierro, pero este fenómeno fue invertido cuando el bagre
deficiente de hierro se alimentó con la dieta con alto nivel de hierro durante 4 semanas. La
deficiencia o exceso férrico pueden aumentar la susceptibilidad de los peces a las infecciones.
Los requisitos dietéticos de zinc para los peces varían de 15 a 30 mg/kg de dieta. El requisito
aumenta grandemente si el fitato está presente en la dieta. Algunas de las señales de
deficiencia de zinc reportadas fueron crecimiento deprimido, anorexia, alta mortalidad,
cataratas, enanisno y concentración reducida de zinc en el tejido y reducida actividad de
fosfatasa alcalina en el suero. Las evidencias del efecto de zinc dietético en funciones inmunes
y la resistencia a las enfermedades son conflictivas. Los requisitos de selenio en peces,
determinada usando selenita de sodio, van de 0.18 a 0.38 mg/kg. Los signos de deficiencia
observados son decremento en el crecimiento, sobrevivencia, hematocrito y actividad de
glutation peroxidasa. Las funciones inmunes no-específicas de macrófagos fueron
influenciadas por las fuentes y niveles de selenio en las dietas. También parece importante que
el selenio en las dietas, mejora la inmunidad específica y resistencia a las enfermedades en
peces y que las fuentes orgánicas de selenio son más potentes que las formas inorgánicas.
Así, debido a la ausencia de evidencia clara de la influencia de minerales traza en la inmunidad
y resistencia a enfermedades en los peces, se sugiere que estos sean incluidos en la dieta a
los niveles requeridos para el crecimiento.
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References
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