The Use of Soy Protein in Aquafeeds
Abstract
Traditionally, fish meal is the main dietary protein source in fish feed formulation,
especially for carnivorous fish species such as salmon and eel. In general, fish feed contains
5 to 50% of fish meal and shrimp feed contains marine animal protein at a level between
30-50%. The rapid development of aquaculture will result in a high demand and a shortage
of supply for fish meal. Besides of the limited availability, fishmeal is also a relatively
expensive ingredient in aquafeed. Furthermore, the quality of fishmeal can vary to a large
extent, concerning to nutritional composition, pathogen and contamination of biogenic
amines. Many researches, therefore, have been conducted to search alternative protein
sources as replacement of fishmeal in aquafeeds.
In shrimp and carnivorous fish species, the replacement of fishmeal by plant protein
sources has only achieved limited success. Fish, compared with pigs and poultry, can not
utilize carbohydrates as an energy source efficiently. Carnivorous fish species and young
animals require good quality and highly digestible protein source in their feed.
Among plant protein ingredients, soybean meal is considered as the most nutritive plant
protein source. However, the high concentration of anti nutritional factors limited the
inclusion levels of soybean meal in aquafeed. In soy protein concentrate, the anti nutritional
components are eliminated. Compared to fishmeal, soy protein concentrate has advantage
of high protein and amino acids digestibility co-efficiency, readily available and consistent
quality.
Literature studies demonstrate that soy protein concentrate is a good alternative to fishmeal
in shrimp and fish diets. In shrimp diet, 40% of fish meal can be replaced by soy protein
concentrate without negative influence on growth performance. In fish, 40-100% of
fishmeal can be replaced by soy protein concentrate. In conclusion, soy protein concentrate
is a good protein source for aquafeeds.
Downloads
References
Abel, H. J., Becker, K., Meske, C. H. R., Friedrich, W., 1984. Possibilities of using heat-treated full-fat
soybeans in carp feeding. 42, 97-108.
Akiyama, D. M., 1988a. Soybean meal utilization by marine shrimp. AOCS world congress on vegetable
protein utilization in human food and animal feedstuffs, Singapore, October 2-7. American Soybean
Association, Singapore.
Akiyama, D. M., 1988b. Soybean meal utilization in fish feeds. Korean Feed Association Conference, Seoul,
Korea. American Soybean Association, Singapore.
Alarcón, F. J., Moyano, F. J., Díaz, 1999. Effect of inhibitors present in protein sources on digestive proteases
of juvenil sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquat. Living Resour. 12, 233-238.
Andrews, J. W., Page, J. W., 1974. Growth factors in the fish meal component of catfish diets. J. Nutrition
, 1091-1096.
Arnesen, P., Brattås, L. E., Olli, J., Krogdahl, Å., 1989. Soybean carbohydrate appear to restrict the utilization
of nutrients by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Pro. Third. Int. Symp. On Feeding and Nutr. In
Fish. Taba Aug. 28—Sept 1. Japan. 273-280.
Baeverfjord, G., Krogdahl, A., 1996. Development and regression of soybean meal induced enteritis in
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., distal intestine: a comparison with the intestines of fasted fish. J.
fish Dis. 19, 375-387.
Bakke-McKellep, A. M., Press C. McL, Baeverfjord G., Krogdahl Å. And Landsverk T. 2000. Changes in
immune and enzyme histochemical phenotypes of cells in the intestinal mucosa of Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., with soybean meal-induced enteritis. Journal of Fish Diseases. 23, 115-127.
Berge, G. M., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S. J., 1999. Soy protein concentrate in diets for Atlantic halibut
(Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture 178, 139-148.
Brown, P. B., Wilson, K. A., Hodgin, Y., Stanley, J. D., 1997. Use of soy protein concentrates and lecithin
products in diets fed to coho and Atlantic salmon. J. American Oil Chemists Society 74, 187-193.
Bureau, D. P., Harris, A. M., Cho, C. Y., 1998. The effects of purified alcohol extracts from soy products on
feed intake and growth of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 161, 27-43.
Dabrowski, K., Kozak, B., 1979. The use of fish meal and soybean meal as a protein source in the diet of
grass carp fry. Aquaculture 18, 107-114.
Dabrowski, K., Poczyczynski, P., Köck, G., Berger, B., 1989. Effect of partially or totally replacing fish meal
protein by soybean meal protein on growth, food utilization and proteolytic enzyme activities in
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). New in vivo test for exocrine pancreatic secretion. Aquaculture 77,
-49.
Dudley-Cash, W. A., 1998. Fish meal supply to meet needs of aquaculture industry. Feedstuffs, March 30, 13.
Escaffre, A. M., Infante, J. L. Z., Cahu, C. L., Mambrini, M., Bergot, P., Kushik, S. J., 1997. Nutritional value
of soy protein concentrate for larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth
performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture 153, 63-80.
Fowler, L. G., 1980. Substitution of soybean and cottonseed products for fish meal in diets fed to chinook and
coho salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 42, 87-91.
Francis, G., Makkar, H. P. S., Becker, K., 2001. Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish
feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199, 197-227.
Hajen, W. E., Higgs, D. A., Beams, R. M., Dosanjh, B. S., 1993. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by postjuvenile
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water: 2, Measurement of digestibility.
Aquaculture 112, 333-348.
Hendriks, H. G. C. J. M, Van den Ingh, T. S. G. A. M., Krogdahl, A., Olli, J., Koninkx, J. G. J. F., 1990.
Binding of soybean agglutinin to small intestinal brush border membranes and brush border
membrane enzyme activities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 91, 163-170. 10th
International Symposium on Nutrition & Feeding in Fish: Feeding for Qaulity. Rhodes, Greece, 2-7
June.
Herzog Møller, P. E., Peisker, M., Refsdal, L. G. D., 2002. Functional properties of soya protein products in
extruded salmon feed.
Ireland, P. A., Dziedzic, S. Z., Kearsley, M. W., 1986. Saponin content of soya and some commercial soya
products by means of high performance liquid chromatography of the sapogenins. J. Sci. Food Agric.
, 694-698.
Van den Ingh, T. S. G. A. M., Krogdahl, A., Olli, J. J., Hendriks, H. G. C. J. M., Koninkx, J. G. J. F., 1991.
Effects of soybean-containing diets on the proximal and distal intestine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar): a morphological study. Aquaculture 94, 297-305.
Van den Ingh, T. S. G. A. M., Olli, J. J., Krogdahl, Å., 1996. Alcohol-soluble components in soybeans cause
morphological changes in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish
Diseases 19, 47-53.
Jackson, A. J., Capper, B. S., Matty, A. J., 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteins in complete diets for the
tilapia Sarotherodon mossambicus. Aquaculture 27, 97-109.
Kaushik, S. J., Cravedi, J. P., Lalles, J. P., Sumpter, J., Fauconneau, B., Laroche, M., 1995. Partial or total
replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, potential extrogenic or antigenic effects,
cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 133, 257-274.
Kissil, G. W., Lupatsch, I., Higgs, D. A., Hardy, R.W., 2000. Dietary substitution of soy and rapeseed protein
concentrates for fish meal, and their effects on growth and nutrient utilization in gilthead seabream
Saparus aurata L. Auaculture Research 31, 595-601.
Krogdahl, A., 1989. Alternative protein sources from plants contain antinutrients affecting digestion in
salmonids. Pro. Third. Int. Symp. On Feeding and Nutr. In Fish. Taba Aug. 28—Sept 1. Japan.
—361.
Krogdahl, A., Bakke-McKellep, A. M., Røed, K. H., Baeverfjord, G., 2000. Feeding Atlantic salmon Salmo
salar L. soybean products: effects on disease resistance (Furunculosis), and lysozyme and IgM levels
in the intestinal mucosa. Aquaculture Nutrition 6, 77-84.
Lim, C., Dominy, W., Evaluation of soybean meal as a replacement for marine animal protein in diets for
shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 87, 53-63.
Liu, Y. J., Liu, D. H., Feng, J., Tian, L. X., 2000. Soy protein concentrate can efficiently replace fish meal in
tiger shrimp feeds. Research report Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Zhongshan University, P.R. China.
Mambrini, M., Roem, A. J., Cravèdi, J. P., Lallès, J. P., Kaushik, S. J., 1999. Effects of replacing fish meal
with soy protein concentrate and of DL-methionine supplementation in high-energy, extruded diets
on the growth and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Anim. Sci. 77,
-2999.
Médale, F., Boujard, T., Vallée, F., Blanc, D., Mambrini, M., Roem, A., Kaushik, S. J., (1998). Voluntary
feed intake, nitrogen and phosphorus losses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed increasing
dietary levels of soy protein concentrate. Aquat. Living Resour. 11, 239-246.
Murai, T., Ogata, H., Kosutarak, P., Arai, S., 1986.ffects of amino acid supplementation and methanol
treatment on utilization of soy flour in fingerling carp. Aquaculture 56, 197-206.
NRC, National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish.
NRC, National Research Council. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine.
Olli, J. J., Krogdahl, Å., 1994. Nutritive value of four soybean products as protein sources in diets for rainbow
trout reared in fresh water. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. A, Anim. Sci. 44, 185-192.
Olli, J, Krogdahl, A., Berg-Lea, T., 1989. Effect of trypsin inhibitor activity on nutrient digestibility in
salmonids fed practical diets containing various soybean meals. Third. Int. Symp. On Feeding and
Nutr. In Fish. Taba Aug. 28—Sept 1. Japan. 263-271.
Olli, J. J., Krogdahl, Å., Van den Ingh, T. S. G. A. M., Brattås, L. E., 1994. Nutritive value of four soybean
products in diets for Altantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. A, Animal Sci. 44,
-60.
Peisker, M., 2001. Manufacturing of soy protein concentrate for animal nutrition. Cahiers Options
Mediterraneennes. 54, 103-107
Pfeffer, E., Henrichfreise, B., 1994. Evaluation of potential sources of protein in diets for rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch. Anim. Nutr. 41, 223-228.
Refstie, S., Storebakken, T., Roem, A. J., 1998. Feed consumption and conversion in Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar) fed diets with fish meal, extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of
oilgosaccharides, trypsin inhibitors, lectins and soy antigens. Aquaculture. 162, 301-312.
Refstie, S., Svihus, B., Shearer, K. D., Storebakken, T., 1999. Nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon and
broiler chickens related to viscosity and non-starch polysaccharide content in different soybean
products. Anim Feed Sci Tech 79, 331-345.
Refstie, S., Storebakken, T., Baeverfjord, G., Roem, A. J., 2001. Long-term protein and lipid growth of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with partial replacement of fish meal by soy protein products
at medium or high lipid level. Aquaculture 193, 91-106.
Robaina, L., Izquierdo, M. S., Moyano, F. J., Socorro, J., Vergara, J. M., Montero, D., Fernández-Palacios,
H., 1995. Soybean and lupin seed meals as protein sources in diets for gilhead seabream (Sparus
aurata): nutritional and histological implications. Aquaculture 130, 219-233.
Rumsey, G. L., Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P., Bowser, P. R., 1994. Effect of soybean protein on serological
response, non-specific defense mechanisms, growth, and protein utilization in rainbow trout.
Verterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 41, 323-339.
Sandholm, M., Smith, R. R., Shih, J. C. H., Scott, M. L., 1976. Determination of antitrypsin activity on agar
plates: relationship between antitrypsin and biological value of soybean for trout. J. Nutr. 106, 761-
Shiau, S. Y., Chuang, J. L., Sun, C. L., 1987. Inclusion of soybean meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O.
aureus) diets at two protein levels. Aquaculture 65, 251-261.
Stickney, R. R., Hardy, R. W., Koch, K., Harrold, R., Seawright, D., Massee, K. C., 1996. The effects of
substituting selected oilseed protein concentrates for fish meal in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
diets. Journal of the world aquaculture society 27, 57-63.
Storebakken, T., Shearer, K. D., Roem, A. J., 1998. Availability of protein, phosphorus and other elements in
fish meal, soy-protein concentrate and phytase-treated soy-protein-concentrate-based diets to
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aqauculture 161 365-379.
Storebakken, T., Shearer, K. D., Roem, A. J., 2000. Growth, uptake, and retention of nitrogen and
phosphorus, and absorption of other minerals in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fed diets with fish meal
and soy-protein concentrate as the main sources of protein. Aqauculture Nutrition 6, 103-108.
Swick, R. A., Akiyama, D. M., Boonyaratpalin, M., Creswell, D. C., 1995. Use of soybean meal and synthetic
methionine in shrimp feed. American Soybean Association, Technical Bulletin.
Vielma, J., Mäkinen, T., Ekholm, P., Koskela, J., 2000. Influence of dietary soy and phytase levels on
performance and body composition of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and algal
availability of phosphorus load. Aquaculture 183, 349-362.
Viola, S., Mokady, S., Rappaport, U., Arieli, Y., 1982. Partial and complete replacement of fishmeal by
soybean meal in feeds for intensive culture of carp. Aquaculture 26, 223-236.
Viola, S., Mokady, S., Arieli, Y., 1983. Effects of soybean processing methods on the growth of carp
(Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 32, 27-38.
Wee, K. L., Shu, S. W., 1989. The nutritive value of boiled full-fat soybean in pelleted feed for Nile tilapia.
Aquaculture 81, 303-314.
Wilson, R. P., Poe, W. E., 1985. Effects of feeding soybean meal with varying trypsin inhibitor activities on
growth of fingerling channel catfish. Aquculture 46, 19-25.
