QUIMIOATRACCION EN CRUSTACEOS: PAPEL DE MOLÉCULAS HOMOLOGAS
Resumen
El uso de atractantes en los alimentos balanceados ha adquirido una enorme importancia económica y ecológica, ya que mediante su utilización resulta posible optimizar las tasas de conversión alimenticias al maximizar el consumo y reducir el desperdicio del alimento, lo cual repercute directamente sobre los costos de producción. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la quimiorecepción como área de estudio data de al menos 20 años, en la actualidad se cuenta con escasos productos comerciales eficaces y aún se desconoce el potencial de numerosas moléculas. En efecto, la mayor parte de los estudios se han restringido a evaluar extractos orgánicos y algunas moléculas sintéticas tales como amino ácidos y nucleótidos. Considerando esta premisa, se llevaron a cabo una serie de experimentos con Macrobrachium rosembergii orientados a la evaluación del potencial de moléculas naturales. Dos aminas biogénicas (Putrescina y Cadaverina) y dos feromonas (una presente en la orina de jaiba y otra presente en extractos de glándula de la orina de langostino) fueron comparadas con productos de referencia cuyo poder atractante había sido demostrado, tales como extractos de calamar y un atractante comercial. Cada uno de los atractantes fue agregado a una dieta formulada para que no tuviera nungún poder atractante. Los resultados fueron obtenidos mediante tres aproximaciones diferentes. Primero se llevo a cabo un bioensayo de quimioatracción, el cual consistió en medir el tiempo que tardaba un animal en presentar diferentes etapas alimenticias (percepción, orientación, movimiento, arribo e ingestión). Una segunda aproximación fue realizada en una granja comercial. Para este efecto, se colocó una cierta cantidad de alimento con el atractante a probar en una charola, la cual fue sumergida en una jaula (1 m3 ) en la que se habían colocado 10 individuos (5 machos y 5 hembras) de un peso promedio de 20 g. La charola fue levantada a diferentes tiempos (10, 20, 40 y 80 minutos) para estimar el número de pelles consumidos. Se llevaron a cabo tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Una tercera aproximación destinada a corroborar la ingestión del alimento consistió en incorporar un anticuerpo en este. Siguiendo una metodología similar a la anterior, se colectaron los hepatopancreas y las partes bucales de 3 individuos a cada tiempo. Más tarde se realizaron pruebas de inmunodifusión para constatar la ingestión. Los resultados obtenidosa partir de las diferentes pruebas, mostraron que la cadaverina incluida al 0.2% resultó el atractante más potente. Por otra parte, las orinas de jaiba y de langostino mostraron buenos resultados únicamente con los machos, de aquí que su utilización pueda ser recomendada para cultivos monosexuales.Descargas
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