Metabolitos sanguíneos como herramientas para evaluar el estado nutricional de camarones peneidos
Resumen
En los últimos años, la industria del cultivo de camarón ha sido seriamente afectada por la
diseminación de diversas enfermedades virales y bacterianas las cuales han provocado
importantes pérdidas económicas (Alday-Sanz et al., 1998; Lightner, 1999). De acuerdo
con (Bachere, 2000) la presencia de enfermedades en los camarones esta íntimamente
ligada con su condición fisiológica la cual a su vez depende de las condiciones ambientales.
Estudios recientes han demostrado que muchos de los problemas bacterianos y virales de la
industria camaronícola han sido consecuencia del deterioro ambiental producido por el
crecimiento desmedido de la propia industria. La destrucción de importantes áreas de
manglares en la zona costera tropical así como el uso indiscriminado de grandes cantidades
de alimentos balanceados con altos niveles de proteína, el aumento de la densidad de
siembra y el aporte de la materia orgánica que esto conlleva han sido identificados como
los principales responsables de ese deterioro (Primavera, 1997; Kautsky et al., 2000).
Aunque la industria ha impulsado el uso de dispositivos que ayudan a mitigar el estrés
ambiental (aumento de los niveles de oxígeno disuelto, aumento en la tasa de recambio, uso
de aditivos nutricionales como inmunoestimulantes y antibióticos) estos no han sido
suficientemente efectivos como para evitar la presencia recurrente de todo tipo de
enfermedades. Ante tal situación numerosos autores han señalado que una de las
alternativas para poder constituir una industria camaronícola de largo plazo esta en la
reducción de las densidades de siembra, la creación de grandes áreas de amortiguamiento
que prevengan la dispersión de enfermedades y la diversificación de los cultivos, adaptando
las granjas a la capacidad de carga de los ecosistemas donde se desarrollan (para revisión
véase (Kautsky et al., 2000). Por otro lado el estudio de los factores del medio que
producen estrés en los camarones y su relación con las variaciones naturales de los factores
ambientales y nutricionales también han sido considerados como necesarios para poder
establecer una industria camaronícola basada en la prevención de enfermedades (Bachere,
2000; Chang et al., 2000; Rodríguez & LeMoullac, 2000).
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