New developments in aquatic feed ingredients, and potential of enzyme supplements
Keywords:
enzyme supplement, animal by products, grain protein, oilseed protein.Abstract
Aquaculture production has expanded at a rate of 15% per year and is predicted to continue to
grow at this rate for at least the next decade. Demands on traditional fish feed ingredients, mainly fish meal
and oil, which are finite global resources, are increasing. At present, global fishmeal production averages
6.5 mmt per year, of which 23% is utilized in feeds for farmed fish. Global fish oil production averages 1.4
mmt per year, and 25% of this yearly production is utilized in fish feeds. Up to now, 70% of the fish meal
and oil used to produce farmed fish has been consumed by salmon, trout and shrimp, despite the fact that
these species account for only 30% of global fish feed production and only 7% of global aquaculture
production. Clearly, expanded production of carnivorous species requiring high protein, high-energy feeds
will further tax global fish meal and oil supplies. Suitable alternative feed ingredients will have to been
utilized to provide the essential nutrients and energy needed to fuel the growth of aquaculture production.
Rendered products, seafood processing waste, including by-catch, and grain and oilseed by-products are the
most likely candidate feed sources to carry aquaculture forward to higher production levels. Worldwide,
annual production of rendered products is roughly equivalent to annual fish meal production, with meat and
bone meal and poultry by-product meal making up 80% of total production. These products are variable in
quality, high in ash content, and fully utilized by other agricultural sectors. They are unlikely to supply a
high proportion of the protein needed in fish feeds, but may be valuable as feed components due to their
favorable amino acid profiles, which complement plant-derived protein sources. If seafood processing waste
and by-catch were converted to fish meal, the quantity would nearly equal annual global fish meal
production and potentially provide significant fish protein and oil supplies for aquaculture feeds. However,
the high ash content and logistical problems with collection and processing will limit full utilization of this
resource. Grain and oilseed by-products are thus the most promising sources of protein and energy for
aquaculture feeds of the future. Despite many successful research studies on the use of plant-derived feed
ingredients in fish feeds, significant problems remain to be resolved. Innovative collaborative research
efforts between geneticists, fish nutritionists and the industrial sectors producing these products are
beginning to resolve these technical problems. Use of enzyme supplements is one potential aspect of
alternate ingredient utilization that will increase the nutritional value and use of alternate feed ingredients.
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