REVISION DE LOS EFECTOS DE FOSFOLIPIDOS DIETARIOS EN DIETAS PARA ACUICULTURA
Palabras clave:
fosfolípidos, lecitina, peces, crustáceos, larvas, juvenilesResumen
Se ha demostrado un efecto benéfico, en términos de sobrevivencia, crecimiento, resistencia al estrés y deformidades en larvas y juveniles de diversas especies de peces y crustáceos, con la suplementación de fosfolípidos en dietas en dietas purificadas. La determinación exacta de los requerimientos de PL en larvas, es complicada dado a la dificultad de bioencapsular PL en presas vivas. Aunado, a la gran variabilidad en la purificación y composición de las fuentes de PL, y las condiciones experimentales (tales como formulación de la dieta y el grado de alimentar con dietas vivas) que hace difícil la comparación de requerimientos determinados con dietas artificiales. Los estadios larvales son extremadamente sensibles a dietas deficiencias dietarias de PL y requieren niveles mas altos de PL dietarios que los juveniles. Para la mayoría de las especies de peces y camarones examinados los requerimientos estimados de PL en larvas están en el rango de 1-3% de fosfatidilcolina + fosfatidillinositol (PC+PI) del peso seco de dietas. La ausencia de un requerimiento de PL en el camarón de agua dulce Macrobrachium rosenbergii ejemplifica la importancia de las diferencias entre especies. Los pocos estudios evaluando PL individuales demuestran que PC y PI son las mas eficientes en la mayoría de las especies. La presencia de un ácido graso insaturado en la posición sn-2 de la molécula de PL parece ser esencial para la funcionalidad de PL. Pocos estudios han sido publicados sobre los efectos de la suplementación de PL en dietas prácticas formuladas y/o bajo condiciones experimentales prácticas. Algunos estudios en crustáceos reportan la relación entre los requerimientos de PL y las fuentes de proteína en la dieta. Varias hipótesis han sido formuladas para explicar los efectos de los PL. El efecto de los de PL no está relacionado al suministro de colina, inositol o ácidos grasos esenciales (EFA). Sin embargo, los PL pueden ser superiores a los lípidos neutros para larvas como una fuente de EFA y de energía, debido a su mejor digestibilidad. Los PL pueden mejorar el desempeño de la dieta, mejorando la estabilidad en agua de las partículas alimenticias, o por su acción como antioxidante o atractante en el alimento. El efecto de PL en la dieta no parece explicarse debido a su habilidad para emulsificar. Sin embargo, existen evidencias que los PL dietarios interfieren en el transporte de lípidos, especialmente el transporte de colesterol en crustáceos, y en la retención de ácidos grasos provenientes de los ácidos grasos neutros dietarios. Aunque, el origen de los requerimientos es incierto, la suplementación de PL dietarios tiene importancia potencial para la formulación de dietas practicas para acuacultura.Descargas
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