A Review on the Status and Progress in Rearing Copepods for Marine Larviculture. Advantages and Disadvantages. Among Calanoid, Harpacticoid and Cyclopoid Copepods

Autores/as

  • Josianne G. Støttrup Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture

Resumen

Copepod species of the genera Calanoida, Harpacticoida and Cyclopoida are used in aquaculture as food for marine
larval fish. The calanoids are the most well-known species; most are easily identified as adults and therefore
relatively easy to isolate from the wild. They require phytoplankton as food, and many calanoids are broadcasters
shedding their eggs individually. The eggs sink to the bottom, which, when siphoned, removes both eggs and other
debris. This is usually sufficient to maintain tank hygiene. Many calanoids cannot be kept at high densities and
require therefore large volumes for their culture. Harpacticoids are generally benthic grazers, can be maintained at
very high densities and therefore in much smaller volumes. They require surface area, which can be provided by
placing structures within a tank, although this may complicate the method for cleaning tanks and maintaining tank
hygiene. Harpacticoids do not require phytoplankton and can be fed inert feeds. Both harpacticoids and cyclopoids
have egg sacs and different methods have been developed for harvesting the nauplii from the culture tanks. The
harpacticoids seem particularly difficult to separate from the debris, whereas this seems easier to achieve with
cyclopoids nauplii. The cyclopoids, like the harpacticoids, can be maintained in high densities and seem also
relatively easy to culture.
Pond cultures using fertilisers are also used to produce copepods for rearing fish larvae. The fish are either reared
within the same system or in separate units. Generally, all 3 genera are represented in the zooplankton blooms. The
disadvantages of pond cultures include the risk of parasite transfer, no control over species occurrence and
abundance, and in temperate climates this type of culture is seasonally restricted.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Berggren, U., Hansen, B., Kiørboe, T. (1988). Food size spectra, ingestion and growth Acartia tonsa during

development: implications for determination of copepod production. Marine Biology 99, 341-352

Buskey, E.J. (2005) Behavioral characteristics of copepods that affect their suitability as food for larval fishes. In:

Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 91-105. Blackwell Publishing

Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Chesney, E.J. (1989) Estimating the food requirements of striped bass larvae Morone saxatilis: effects of light,

turbidity and turbulence. Marine Ecology Progress Series 53, 191-200.

Colura, R.L., Matlock, G.C., Maciorowski, A.F. (1987) Zooplankton abundance in unstocked mariculture ponds at

three salinities. Progressive Fish Culturist 49, 253-259.

Cutts, C.J. (2002) Culture of harpacticoid copepods: potential as live feed for rearing marine fish. Advances in

Marine Biology 44, 295-316.

Dahms, H.U., Bergmans, M. (1988) Postembryonic developmeny of Tisbe gracilis (T. Scott) (Copepoda,

Harpacticoida). Zoologica Scripta 17, 357-370.

Engell-Sørensen, K., Støttrup, J.G., Holmstrup, M. (2004) Rearing of flounder (Platichthys flesus) juveniles in semiextensive

systems. Aquaculture 230, 475-491.

Fleeger, J.W. (2005) The potential to mass-culture harpacticoid copepods for use as food for larval fish. In:

Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 11-24. Blackwell Publishing

Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Fraser, A.J., Sargent, J.R., Gamble, J.C. (1989) Lipid class and fatty acid composition of Calanus finmarchicus

(Gunnerus), Pseudocalanus sp. and Temora longicornis Müller from a nutrient enriched seawater

enclosure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 130, 81-92..

Fukusho, K. (1980) Mass production of a copepod, Tigriopus japonicus in combination culture with a rotifer

Brachionus plicatilis, fed ω –Yeast as a food source. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries

, 625-629.

Gaudy, R. (1978) Evolution qualitative et quantitative du zooplankton dans les basins de culture. Publ. Sci. Tech.

CNEXO: Actes Colloq. 7, 367-376.

Grice, G.D., Marcus, N.H. (1981) Dormant eggs of marine copepods. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An

Annual Review 19, 125-140.

Hicks, G.R.F., Coull, B.C. (1983) The ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.

Ann. Rev., 21, 67-175.

Humes, A.G. (1994) How many copepods? Hydrobiologia 292/293, 1-7.

Hunter, J.R. (1981) Feeding ecology and predation of marine fish larvae. In: Marine Fish Larvae. Morphology,

Ecology and Relation to Fisheries (Ed. by R. Lasker) pp. 33-77. University of Washington Press, Seattle,

USA.

Huys, R., Boxshall, G.A. (Eds) (1991) Copepod evolution. The Ray Society, London, 468pp.

James, C.M., Al-Kars, A.M. (1986) Studies on the production of planktonic copepods for aquaculture. In:

Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Copepoda. (Ed. by G. Schriever, H.K. Schminke &

C.-t. Shih), pp 333-340. Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 August 1984.

Jónasdóttir, S.H. (1994) Effects of food quality on the reproductive success of Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica:

laboratory observations. Marine Biology 121, 67-81.

Kahan, D., Uhlig, G., Schwenzer, D., Horowitz, L. (1982) A simple method for cultivating harpacticoid copepods

and offering them to fish larvae. Aquaculture 26, 303-310.

Kiørboe, T., Sabatini, M. (1995) Scaling of fecundity, growth and development in marine planktonic copepods.

Marine Ecology Progress Series 120, 285-298.

Kleppel, G.S., Burkart, C.A., Houchin, L., Tomas, C. (1998) Egg production of the copepod Acartia tonsa in Florida

Bay during summer. 1. The roles of food environment and diet. Estuaries 21, 328-339.

Kraul, S. (1983) Results and hypotheses for the propagation of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L. Aquaculture 30,

-284.

Kraul, S., Nelson, A., Brittain, K., Ako, H., Ogasawara, A. (1992) Evaluation of live feeds for larval and postlarval

mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 23, 299-306.

Lavens, P., Sorgeloos, P. (1996) Manual on the Production and use of Live Food for Aquaculture. FAO Fisheris

Technical Paper 361. Food and Agriculture Organizatio of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Lindley, J.A. (1990) Distribution of overwintering calanoid copepod eggs in sea-bed sediments around southern

Britain. Mar. Biol. 104, 209-217.

Lipman, E.E. (2001) Production of the copepod Apocyclops panamensis under hatchery conditions. MSc. Thesis, 68

pp. Auburn University, Alabama.

Lubzens, E., Zmora, O. (2003) Production and Nutritional Value of Rotifers. In: Live feeds in marine aquaculture (ed.

by J.G. Støttrup, J.G. & L.A. McEvoy), pp. 17-64. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

Marcus, N.H. (1987) Differences in the duration of egg diapause of Labidocera aestiva (Copepoda: Calanoida) form

Woods Hole region, Massachusetts. Biological Bulletin 173, 169-177.

Marcus, N.H. (2005) Calanoid copepods, resting eggs and aquaculture. In: Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S.

Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 3-9. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Marcus, N.H., Murray, M. (2001) Copepod diapause eggs: a potential source of nauplii for aquaculture. Aquaculture

, 107-115.

Mauchline, J. (Ed.) (1998) Advances in Marine Biology. The biology of calanoid copepods. Academic Press, 710pp.

McEvoy, L., Næss, T., Bell, J.G., Lie, O. (1998) Lipid and fatty acid composition of normal and malpigmented

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed enriched Artemia: a comparison with fry fed wild

copepods. Aquaculture 163, 235-248.

McKinnon, A.D., Duggan, S., Nichols, P.D., Rimmer, M.A., Semmens, G., Robino, B. (2003) The potential of

tropical paracalanid copepods as live feeds in aquaculture. Aquaculture 223, 89-106.

Munk, P., Nielsen, T.G (1994) Trophodynamics of the plankton community at Dogger Bank: predatory impact by

larval fish. Journal of Plankton Research 16, 1225-1245.

Muller-Fuega, A. Moal, J., Kaas, R. (2003) The Microalgae of Aquaculture. In: Live feeds in marine aquaculture (ed.

by J.G. Støttrup, J.G. & L.A. McEvoy), pp. 206-252. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

Næss, T. (1996) Benthic resting eggs of calanoids copepods in Norwegian enclosures used in mariculture:

abundance, species composition and hatching. Hydrobiologia 320, 161-168.

Næss, T., Bergh, Ø. (1994) Calanoid copepod resting eggs can be surface-disinfected. Aquacultural Engineering 13,

-9.

Nanton, D.A., Castell, J.D. (1998) The effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of the harpacticoid

copepod, Tisbe sp., for use as a live food for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 163, 251-261.

Nanton, D.A., Castell, J.D. (1999) The effects of temperature and dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of

harpacticoid copepods, for use as a live food for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 175, 167-181.

Neunes, H.W., Pongolini, G-F. (1965) Breeding a pelagic copepod, Euterpina acutifrons (Dana), in the laboratory.

Nature, 208, 571-573.

Norsker, N.H., Støttrup, J.G. (1994) The importance of dietary HUFA's for fecundity and HUFA content in the

harpacticoid, Tisbe holothuriae Humes. Aquaculture 125,155-166.

Payne, M.F., Rippingale, R.J. (2000a) Evaluation of diets for culture of the calanoid copepod Gladioferens

imparipes. Aquaculture 187, 85-96.

Payne, M.F., Rippingale, R.J. (2000b) Rearing West Australian seahorse, Hippocampus subelongatus, juveniles on

copepod nauplii and enriched Artemia. Aquaculture 188, 353-361.

Payne, M.F., Rippingale, R.J. (2000c) Intensive cultivation of the calanoid copepod Gladioferens imparipes.

Aquaculture 201, 329-342.

Payne, M.F., Rippingale, R.J. (2000d) Effects of salinity, cold storage and enrichment on the calanoid copepod

Gladioferens imparipes. Aquaculture 201, 251-262

Peck M.A. and Holste L. (2006) Effects of salinity, photoperiod and adult stocking density on egg production and

egg hatching success in Acartia tonsa (Calanoida: Copepoda): Optimizing intensive cultures. Aquaculture

, 341-350.

Pepin, P., Penny, R.W. (1997) Patterns of prey size and taxonomic composition in larval fish: are there general sizedependent

models? Journal of Fish Biology 51, 84-100.

Phelps, R.P., Sumiarsa, G.S., Lipman, E.E., Lan, H.-P., Moss, K.K., Davis, A.D. (2005) Intensive and extensive

produciton techniques to provide copepod nauplii for feeding larval red snapper Lutjanus campechanus. In:

Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 151-168. Blackwell

Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Pinto, C.S.C., Souza-Santos, L.P., Santos, P.J.P. (2001) Development and population dynamics of Tisbe biminiensis

(Copepoda: Harpacticoida) reared on different diets. Aquaculture 198, 253-267.

Rhodes, A. (2003) Methods for mass culture for high density batch culture of Nitokra lacustris, a marine

harpacticoid copepod. In: The big Fish Bang (Ed. by H.I. Browman, A.B. Shiftesvik), pp. 449-465.

Proceedings of the 26th Annual Larval Fish Conference, Bergen, Norway.

Rhodes, A., Boyd, L. (2005) Formulated feeds for harpacticoid copepods: Implications for population growth and

fatty acid composition. In: Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp.

-73. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Sargent, J.R., Henderson, R.J. (1986) Lipids. In: The Biological Chemistry of Marine Copepods. (Ed. by E.D.S.

Corner, S.C.M. O’Hara), pp. 58-108.Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Sargent, J.R., McEvoy, L.A., Bell, J.G. (1997) Requirements, presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty

acids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture 155, 117-127.

Schipp, G.R., Bosmans, J.M.P., Marshall, A.J. (1999) A method for hatchery cultivation of tropical calanoid

copepods, Acartia spp. Aquaculture, 174, 81-88.

Shields, R.J., Kotani, T., Molnar, A., Marion, K., Kobashigawa, J., Tang, L. (2005) Intensive cultivation of a

subtropical paracalanid copepod, Parvocalanus sp., as prey for small marine fish larvae. In: Copepods in

Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 209-223. Blackwell Publishing Ltd,

Oxford, UK.

Shirgur, G.A. (1989) Phased fertilisation for culturing copepods. Crustaceana 56, 113-126.

Støttrup, J.G. (2000) The elusive copepods: their production and suitability in marine aquaculture. Aquaculture Research

, 703-711.

Støttrup, J.G. (2003) Production and nutritional value of copepods. In: Live feeds in marine aquaculture (ed. by J.G.

Støttrup, J.G. & L.A. McEvoy), pp. 145-205. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

Støttrup, J.G., Jensen, J. (1990) Influence of algal diet on feeding and egg production of the calanoid copepod Acartia

tonsa Dana. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 141, 87-105.

Støttrup, J.G. & N.H. Norsker. (1997) Production and use of copepods in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 155, 231-

Støttrup, J.G., Bell J.G., Sargent, J.R. (1999) The fate of lipids during development and cold-storage of eggs in the

calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa Dana, and in response to different algal diets. Aquaculture 176, 257-269.

Støttrup, J.G., Richardsen, K., Kirkegaard, E., Pihl, N.J. (1986) The cultivation of Acartia tonsa Dana for use as live food

source for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 52, 87-96.

Su, H.-M., Cheng, S.-H., Chen, T.-I., Su, M.-S. (2005) Culture of copepods and application to marine finfish larval

rearing in Taiwan. In: Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 183-

Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Sun, B., Fleeger, J.W. (1995) Sustained mass culture of Amphiascoides atopus a marine harpacticoid copepod in a

recirculating system. Aquaculture, 136, 313-321.

Turk, P.E., Krejci, M.E., Yang, W.T. (1982) A laboratory method for the culture of Acartia tonsa (crustacea:

copepoda) using rice bran. Journal of Agriculture and Aquatic Sciences 3, 25-27.

Svåsand, T., Kristiansen, T.S., Pedersen, T., Salvanes, A.G.V., Engelsen, R., Nødtvedt, M. (1998) Havbeite med

torsk – artsrapport. Norges forskningsråd. 78pp.

Toledo, J.D., Golez, M.S., Doi, M., Ohno, A. (1999) Use of copepod nauplii during early feeding stage of grouper

Epinephelus coioides. Fisheries Science, 65, 390-397.

Toledo, J.D., Golez, M.S. & Ohno, A. (2005) Studies on the use of copepods in the semi-intensive seed production

of grouper Epinephelus coioides. In: Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed. by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H.

Marcus), pp. 169-182. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Uhlig, G. (1984) Progress in mass cultivation of harpacticoid copepods for mariculture purposes. Special

Publication of the European Mariculture Society 8, 261-273.

Uye, S. (2005) A brief review of mass culture of copepods used for fish food in Japanese mariculture and a proposed

plan to use high biomass natural population of brackish-water copepods. In: Copepods in Aquaculture (Ed.

by C.-S. Lee, P.J. O’Bryen, N.H. Marcus), pp. 75-89. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

van der Meeren, T., Naas, K.E. (1997) Development of rearing techniques using large enclosed ecosystems in the

mass production of marine fish fry. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 5, 367-390.

Descargas

Cómo citar

G. Støttrup, J. (2019). A Review on the Status and Progress in Rearing Copepods for Marine Larviculture. Advantages and Disadvantages. Among Calanoid, Harpacticoid and Cyclopoid Copepods. Avances En Nutrición Acuicola. Recuperado a partir de https://nutricionacuicola.uanl.mx/index.php/acu/article/view/161